The aim of the open-label, randomized controlled superiority IRON TAVI trial is to investigate whether intravenous iron therapy (ferric carboxymaltose) improves Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and iron deficiency (ID), undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).
The main questions it aims to answer are:
1. Does intravenous iron therapy improve HRQOL after TAVI in patients with severe AS and ID compared to no intravenous iron therapy (standard of care)? 2. Can intravenous iron therapy enhance exercise capacity, as measured by the 6-minute walk test, after TAVI in patients with severe AS and ID compared to no intravenous iron therapy (standard of care)?
The intervention group (receiving iron therapy after TAVI) will be compared to the control group (receiving no iron therapy after TAVI (standard of care)).
Participants will:
* Provide written informed consent * Be randomly assigned to one of two groups:
1. Intervention group: receiving intravenous iron therapy after TAVI (1-3 administrations in the course of 12 weeks) 2. Control group: receiving standard of care (= no iron therapy) * Complete assessments of HRQOL and the 6-minute walk test at baseline and week 24 after TAVI. * During follow-up visits, other clinical parameters will be collected (i.e. laboratory status, mortality status, adverse clinical events)
Patient age ≥ 65 years
Patients with severe AS and ID undergoing successful TAVI
ID defined as Ferritin < 100 ug/L and/or Transferrin saturation < 20%
Ability to perform assessment of QoL (questionnaire assessment) and EC (6-MWT)
Contra-indication for TAVI
Ferritin > 400 ug/L
Hemoglobin <5.6 mmol/L or <9 g/dL
Hemoglobin >8.7 mmol/L or >14 g/dL in men and >8.1 mmol/L or >13 g/dL in women
Parallel
Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose
DrugThe intervention involves the administration of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) to correct iron deficiency (ID) in patients with severe aortic stenosis. FCM will be delivered in 1 to 3 settings, depending on the patient's baseline hemoglobin level, body weight, and persistence of ID after the initial administration(s): 1. Setting-1: After successful TAVI and before hospital discharge, a maximum of 1000 milligrams of FCM will be administered. 2. Setting-2: A second dose of 500-1000 milligrams FCM will be administered during outpatient-clinic visit if the cumulative iron dosage has not yet been met. 3. Setting-3: A third dose of 500 milligrams of FCM will be administered at week 12 if ID recurs or persists during follow-up. Each dose will be infused using peripheral venous access over at least 15 minutes. The total duration of the intervention is 12 weeks, after which an endpoint outpatient follow-up assessment takes place at week 24 post-TAVI.
Change in Health-related Quality of Life (HRQOL)
The primary endpoint is the change in HRQOL from baseline (pre-TAVI) to week-24 using the 23-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-23) which has been validated in patients undergoing TAVI.
Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT)
The co-primary endpoint is change in exercise capacity from baseline (pre-TAVI) to week-24 using the 6-MWT, which is an established objective means of evaluation exercise capacity in the TAVI population.
Cognitive function (MMSE)
Cognitive function using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class
European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions 5 Level Utility Index (EQ-5D-5L-UI) and Visual Analog Scale (EQ-5D-VAS)
EQ5D comprises 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels (no, slight, moderate, severe, and extreme problems) by which a unique health state per item is determined. These health states are converted into weighted health states (Utility Index or EQ-5D-5L-UI) by applying scores on which full health has a value of 1 and death a value of 0. The Visual Analog Scale (EQ-5D-VAS) is a self-reported score ranging from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better health.
Composite of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations
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