Psychological Assessment of Scoliosis Patients Undergoing Surgical Management

Assessment of changes in Anxiety using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

Assessment of changes in anxiety, preoperatively to postoperatively, will be assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The BAI is a 21-item, self-report tool used to assess anxiety severity over the prior week. Participants are asked to rate their anxiety symptoms using a scale of 0-3 which correlate to "Not at all," "Mildly," "Moderately," or "Severely," respectively. Scores are then totaled yielding an overall range of 0-63. Scores of 0-7 are indicative of low anxiety; 8-15 mild anxiety; 16-25 moderate anxiety; and scores \>=26 are indicative of severe anxiety. Results will be summarized by study arm using basic descriptive statistics.

Assessment of changes in Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C)

Assessment of changes from baseline in catastrophic thinking associated with pain will be assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C), preoperatively and postoperatively. The PCS-C is a 13-item scale. One of the main adaptations of the child version of the pain catastrophizing scale is the repetition of the stem "When I have pain, …" at the beginning of each item. Responses for each statement are provided using a Likert-type rating scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), yielding an overall possible scoring range of 0-52. A higher score on is indicative of a higher level of pain catastrophizing.

Assessment of changes in Depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)

Assessment of changes in depression, preoperatively to postoperatively, will be assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The BDI-II is a 21-item, self-report tool used to assess depression severity over the prior two weeks. Participants are asked to rate their anxiety symptoms using a scale of 0-3 which correlate to "Not at all," "Mildly," "Moderately," or "Severely," respectively. Scores are then totaled yielding an overall range of 0-63. Scores of 0-13 are indicative of minimal depression; 14-19 mild depression; 20-28 moderate depression; and scores \>=29 are indicative of severe depression. Results will be summarized by study arm using basic descriptive statistics.

Assessment of changes in Mental health using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form for Depression

Assessment of changes in Mental health, preoperatively to postoperatively, will be assessed using the PROMIS short form for Depression. This form consists of a set of person-centered measures that evaluate mental health in adults and children. PROMIS measures generate T-scores. T-scores are standard scores with a general population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 in a reference sample. PROMIS items consist of a statement (e.g., "I felt alone") with five response options: Never; Rarely; Sometimes; Often; and Always. A PROMIS depression score \<50 is considered normal.

Assessment of changes in pain preoperatively and postoperatively using Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire-22 revised (SRS-22r) for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis

The SRS-22r measures quality of life across 5 domains - Function (5 questions), Pain (5 questions) Self-Image (5 questions), Mental Health (5 questions), Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (2 questions). The pain domain has five questionnaires A score \<4 in the SRS-22-r pain domain (1 = severe pain and 5 = pain free) is considered clinically relevant.

Sociodemographic factors using Child Opportunity Index (COI)

The Child Opportunity Index (COI) 2.0 measures neighborhood resources and conditions that matter for children's healthy development. Total represents the overall index, while Education represents the education metrics, Health represents the health \& environment metrics, and social \& economic represents the social \& economic metrics. Record sociodemographic factors to assess the impact on treatment adherence and overall outcomes using child opportunity index Child Opportunity Scores are released as metro, state and nationally normed versions. using the nationally normed index conceals within-metro area inequalities because a disproportionate number of neighborhoods are assigned to the "high" and "very high" opportunity levels when referenced to all tracts nationally.

Assessment of changes in mental health preoperatively and postoperatively using Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire-22 revised (SRS-22r) for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis

The SRS-22r measures quality of life across 5 domains - Function (5 questions), Pain (5 questions) Self-Image (5 questions), Mental Health (5 questions), Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (2 questions). The mental health domain has five questionnaires: 5=Best mental health outcome score1=warning score

Assessment of changes in self image score preoperatively and postoperatively using Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire-22 revised (SRS-22r) for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis

The SRS-22r measures quality of life across 5 domains - Function (5 questions), Pain (5 questions) Self-Image (5 questions), Mental Health (5 questions), Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction (2 questions). The self-image domain has five questionnaires: 5=Best mental health outcome score1=warning score