Reducing Loneliness Among Older Adults Through Enhancing Positive Affect

Loneliness measured by the UCLA Loneliness Scale

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable self-assessment tool designed to evaluate feelings of loneliness. Possible scores range from 1 (never) to 4 (always).

Loneliness measured by De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale

The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing loneliness. Possible scores range from 1 (yes) to 3 (no).

Real-time Experiences on Ecological Momentary Assessment

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a research method used to collect data in real-time and in the participants' natural environments. It measures momentary loneliness, momentary actual affect examined by the short version of the AVI scale, current and expected locations (e.g., nature, home, public places), as well as details about their current and expected social interactions, including the type (i.e., alone, with spouse, family members), features (e.g., supportiveness, closeness, pleasantness, meaningfulness), and number (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5). Participants will also report on their current and expected activities, specifying the type (e.g., physical activity, working, cognitive activities) and characteristics (e.g., pleasantness, meaningfulness) of these activities.

Psychological Well-being on 6-point Psychological Well-being Scale

The Psychological Well-being Scale is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing Psychological Well-being. Possible scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree).

Perceived Stress on 5-point Chinese Version of the Perceived Stress Scale

The Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale is a validated self-report tool used to measure Perceived Stress levels. Possible scores range from 0 (never) to 4 (very often).

Symptoms of Depression on 4-point Chinese Version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

PHQ-9 is a reliable self-report measure designed to evaluate Symptoms of depression. Possible scores range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly everyday).

Symptoms of Anxiety on 4-point Chinese Version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale

The Chinese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing Symptoms of depression. Possible scores range from 0 (not feeling at all) to 3 (most of the time).

Affective Experience over the Past Week on 30-item Affect Valuation Index (actual affect) (AVI)

The Affect Valuation Index (AVI) is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing affective experiences over the past week. It evaluates both the actual emotions experienced and the ideal emotions valued by the individual. Possible scores for each emotion reflect the frequency of experience, typically ranging from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely or all the time).

Social Network Characteristics on 10-point Social Network Characteristics Scale

The Social Network Characteristics Scale will assess the perceived supportiveness, closeness, pleasantness, and meaningfulness of participants' social partners over the past two weeks. Possible scores range from 1 (not at all) to 10 (extremely high). Additionally, participants will report the number of social partners they have engaged with during this same timeframe.

Meaning of Life on 7-point Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ)

The MLQ is a reliable self-assessment tool that evaluates individuals' sense of meaning in life. This instrument comprises two subscales: Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning, with each subscale containing five items. Each subscale has a minimum score of 5 and a maximum score of 35.

Gratitude on 7-point Gratitude Scale Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6)

The GQ-6 is a validated self-report measure that evaluates inclination to recognize, appreciate, and respond to life events with gratitude. Possible scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).