The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of nomophobia levels on stress, food addiction, and body image among undergraduate students aged 18-30 at Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Health Sciences. The primary questions it aims to answer are:
* Is there a statistically significant relationship between nomophobia levels and perceived stress, food addiction, and body image among university students? * Is there a correlation between objective anthropometric data (body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass) measured via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), waist/hip circumference measurements, and the individual's perceived body image?
Being an active smartphone user
Reading and providing consent via the Informed Consent Form
Absence of conditions such as pacemaker implantation, metallic prostheses in the body, or pregnancy
Not having a diagnosed metabolic disorder (e.g., Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, thyroid disorders) or any acute/chronic psychiatric condition that may affect eating behavior
Individuals with a current diagnosis of an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, etc.)
Individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis of severe depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, or an anxiety disorder requiring treatment
Individuals who regularly use psychiatric medications (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, etc.)
Individuals who have used corticosteroids or similar hormone-regulating medications in the past 3 months
The study population consists of university students who are active smartphone users and have provided informed consent. Participants do not have pacemakers, metallic prostheses, or pregnancy, and they do not have diagnosed metabolic disorders (e.g., Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, thyroid disorders) or psychiatric conditions that could affect eating behavior. Individuals with current eating disorders, severe psychiatric diagnoses, regular use of psychiatric medications, recent corticosteroid or hormone therapy, or those who do not complete the questionnaires and measurement procedures are excluded.
Other
Cross-sectional
Questionnaires on Nomophobia, Perceived Stress, Body Image, and Food Addiction; Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Other interventionParticipants will complete self-report questionnaires including the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ), Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0), and the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). Objective anthropometric measurements, including body composition using InBody 270 and waist-to-hip ratio, will also be obtained.
Nomophobia
The level of nomophobia experienced by participants, measured using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). This form aims to assess your feelings and thoughts when you cannot access your smartphone or are away from it, a condition known as nomophobia. There are no right or wrong answers; what matters is answering honestly based on your own experience. Indicate your level of agreement with each statement about your smartphone use (1 = strongly agree, 7 = strongly disagree).
Perceived Stress
The level of stress perceived by participants, measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Below are a series of questions about your personal experiences over the past month. Please read each question carefully and mark the box under the option that best reflects you. There are no right or wrong answers; what matters is that you respond in a way that reflects your own feelings and thoughts. Never - Almost Never - Sometimes - Quite Often - Very Often
Body Image
Self-perceived body image assessed using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS), where participants select a figure that best represents their current and ideal body shape. The images in this section are designed to assess individuals' body perception. Below are figures representing different body types. Please examine these figures carefully and select the one that you think best represents you at the moment. There are no right or wrong answers in this study; what matters is reflecting your own perception as accurately as possible.
Food Addiction
Assessment of addictive eating behaviors using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0). This questionnaire asks about your eating habits over the past year. People sometimes have difficulty controlling their intake of certain foods, such as; * Sweets like ice cream, chocolate, pastries, cookies, cake, and candy * Starches such as white bread, bread, pasta, and rice * Salty snacks like chips, pretzels, and crackers * Fatty foods such as steak, bacon, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, pizza, and French fries * Sugary drinks like soda and fruit juice When the following questions refer to SPECIFIC FOODS, please think of ANY foods similar to those listed in each category, or ANY OTHER foods that you may have had problems with during the past year.
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