About this trial
Background:
Aging leads to an alteration in the immune response, characterized by a chronic inflammatory state, and a progressive decrease in muscle quantity and quality, a situation that increases in women and in the presence of obesity. With respect to muscle quality, intramuscular infiltration of adipose tissue has been considered a relevant parameter, involved in the relationship between aging-obesity-inflammation. As a therapeutic strategy, physical training with resistance exercises (or also known as strength training) has been shown to be effective in increasing skeletal muscle mass in this age group. However, its role on muscle quality in normal-weight versus obese older women has not been fully addressed.
Hypothesis:
A 12-week resistance exercise training program is effective in improving muscle quality, immune response and physical performance in normal weight and obese older women. In addition to the above, the investigators hypothesize that women with obesity will present greater baseline alterations, so the percentage of change will be higher compared to older women with normal weight after the training program.
Goals:
The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a 12-week resistance exercise training on muscle quality (infiltration of intramuscular adipose tissue), immune response and physical performance in older women between 60 and 79 years of age with obesity compared to older women with normal weight of the same age range.
Methodology:
The present clinical trial will consider 2 groups of older women between 60 and 79 years old: normal weight (BMI=18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 and % fat \<25.9) and obese (BMI =30 to 39.9 Kg/m 2 and fat % \>32). Participants will perform 12 weeks of training with resistance exercises 3 times a week. Before and after training, intramuscular infiltration of adipose tissue (echogenicity) will be measured by ultrasound, followed by aspects of muscle architecture (muscle thickness, penile angle and fascicle length) and functional parameters of muscle quality (maximum strength determined by 1 repetition maximum-1RM, maximum voluntary isometric strength of knee extensors through a lower limb force and power transducer). Finally, fasting blood samples will be obtained (immune response) and physical performance, body composition, physical activity level, and quality of life will be evaluated.
Eligibility criteria
This trial accepts healthy volunteersQualifiers
Older women between 60 and 79 years old who live in the community, that is, they do not live in nursing homes or similar.
Older people with normal weight (BMI=18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and % fat <25.9) and those with obesity (BMI= 30 to 39.9 Kg/m2 and % fat > 32).
Cognitive ability to follow verbal orders.
Disqualifiers
Neuromuscular or mobility disorders that do not allow resistance training to be carried out safely (debilitating arthritis, spasticity/rigidity, neurological disorders and paralysis).
Use of nutritional supplementation that can regulate skeletal muscle (leucine, glutamine, casein, whey-protein, fatty acids and creatine).
Untreated and/or uncontrolled chronic diseases.
Have carried out a training program with resistance exercises in the last 6 months.
Trial design
Parallel
Treatments tested in this trial
Prolonged resistance exercise training
Other interventionTraining with resistance exercises for upper and lower limbs will be carried out 3 times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) for 12 weeks for all participants. The training will follow the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine ("American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults," 2009) and will consist of a 5-minute cardiovascular warm-up on a cycle ergometer, followed by weight training. Resistance training will be carried out with exercise machines: 5 sets of leg press, leg extension and leg flexion for lower limbs and 3 sets of chest press and triceps extension for upper limbs. Subsequently, the participants will perform global flexibility exercises for 5 minutes to return to calm.
Treatment groups
Trial outcomes
Primary outcomes
Change in intermuscular adipose tissue (measured via ultrasonography) after prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Intramuscular adipose tissue infiltration evaluated by echointensity (Pixel Intensity 0 to 255) in the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles of both lower limbs
Secondary outcomes
Change in muscle thickness (measured via ultrasonography) after prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Muscle thickness (centimeters) evaluated in the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles of both lower limbs. The muscle thickness evaluated as the distance between the deep and superficial fascia.
Change in pennation angle (measured via ultrasonography) after prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Pennation angle (degree) evaluated in the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles of both lower limbs. The pennation angle evaluated as the angle between the fascicle and the deep fascia. The average of three measurements will be calculated
Change in fascicle length (measured via ultrasonography) after prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Fascicle length (centimeters) evaluated in the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles of both lower limbs. Fascicle length = sin(y +90º) × MT/ sin(180º-(y +180º- PA)), where "y" is the angle between the superficial and deep facia, while PA is the pennation angle, while MT is the Muscle thickness.
Change in physical performance (measured via Short physical performance battery (SPPB)) after prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Measurement of physical performance via SPPB
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