Find out the effects of resistance training on depression, sleep quality, and quality of life in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for more than 5 years
Unchanged insulin doses for no less than three months
Good glycemic control, defined as glycated hemoglobin levels below 7%
Minimal to moderate depressive symptoms
None
Parallel
Resistance exercises
Other interventionThe program will include seven exercises targeting major muscle groups: chest press, triceps extension, and shoulder front raise for the upper limbs; back extensions and abdominal crunches for the trunk; and leg press, leg curl, and calf raise for the lower limbs.
Breathing exercises
Other interventionThe procedure will be first demonstrated and explained to each woman prior to the first session. Starting from a crook-lying position, participants will be guided to inhale through the nose for a count of four, hold their breath for another four counts, exhale slowly through the mouth over four counts, and then pause for an additional four counts before repeating the cycle.
Depression
Depression will be assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II
Sleep quality
Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Quality of life
The Arabic version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire will be completed by each participant to assess quality of life
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