Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of permanent blindness in the world. It happens when the optic nerve-the connection between the eye and the brain-is damaged. As this damage gets worse, vision is slowly lost.
Glaucoma treatments often begin with eye drops to lower eye pressure. If drops are not enough, surgery may be needed. The type of surgery depends on how advanced the glaucoma is and how much vision has already been lost.
Some glaucoma surgeries, including trabeculectomy, PreserFlo MicroShunt, and XEN Stent, create a new pathway for fluid to drain out of the eye. This helps lower pressure inside the eye.
However, after surgery, the body's natural healing process can sometimes cause inflammation and scarring, which may block the new drainage pathway. If this happens, eye pressure can rise again, and the surgery may not work as well as hoped.
This study is testing whether covering the PreserFlo or XEN devices with amniotic membrane (a safe tissue already used in other eye surgeries) can reduce scarring, improve healing, and lead to better long-term results. Amniotic membrane has already been used safely in many types of eye surgeries. It has been shown to improve healing and reduce scarring in some glaucoma surgeries. But it has not yet been studied in PreserFlo MicroShunt or XEN Stent procedures. The goal is to see if adding amniotic membrane makes the surgery safer and more effective for people with glaucoma.
Age 18 years and older
Patients selected for PreserFlo microshunt surgery and XEN stent alone or in combination with cataract surgery.
Ability to comprehend the study procedures
Unwilling or unable to give consent
Unable to come for scheduled post-operative visits
Pregnant or nursing women
Previous cyclodestructive procedures, scleral buckling procedures, or presence of silicone oil
Parallel
Glaucoma Surgery with Amniotic Membrane
Other interventionArm 2: Glaucoma Surgery with Amniotic Membrane Participants undergo glaucoma surgery with either a PreserFlo MicroShunt or a XEN Stent, as determined by the treating surgeon. In this group, the implanted stent is covered with an amniotic membrane patch to reduce postoperative scarring and improve long-term outcomes. Follow-up visits are scheduled as per standard of care for glaucoma surgery (up to 12 months).
Glaucoma Surgery without Amniotic Membrane
Other interventionArm 1: Glaucoma Surgery without Amniotic Membrane Participants undergo glaucoma surgery with either a PreserFlo MicroShunt or a XEN Stent, as determined by the treating surgeon. No modifications are made to the procedure. Follow-up visits are scheduled as per standard of care for glaucoma surgery (up to 12 months).
Rate of adverse events
Proportion of study eyes with ≥1 of: persistent uveitis, blebitis, endophthalmitis, clinically significant hypotony, stent erosion, bleb dysesthesia, or loss of best-corrected visual acuity. Each AE recorded as yes/no; between-group comparisons via logistic regression (adjusting for device type and baseline IOP).
Relative Reduction in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 3, 6, and 12 Months
Percent change from baseline IOP at each post-operative visit. Calculated per study eye as: \[(Baseline IOP - Visit IOP) / Baseline IOP\] × 100. Primary efficacy analysis uses a linear mixed-effects model (repeated measures) with fixed effects for treatment group (amniotic membrane vs no membrane), visit (3/6/12 months), treatment × visit interaction, device type (PreserFlo vs XEN), and baseline IOP; participant (study eye) included as a random effect. Estimates will report least-squares mean differences between groups in percent reduction at each visit and an overall treatment effect across visits, with 95% confidence intervals and p-values
Number of re-operations
To compare the number of re-operations per patient at 12 months between the treatment groups, we will use a negative binomial regression model. The dependent variable will be the total number of re-operations per patient, and the independent variable will be the treatment group. Results will be reported as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals and p-values.
Number of Glaucoma Medications
Count of post-operative glaucoma medication classes required at each visit. Generalized linear mixed model with negative binomial distribution compares groups over time; reported as rate ratios with 95% CIs and p-values.
Time to Surgical Failure
Failure is defined as any of: (a) IOP \>21 mmHg or \<20% reduction from baseline on two consecutive visits; (b) IOP ≤5 mmHg on two consecutive visits (hypotony); (c) any re-operation for glaucoma; or (d) loss of light perception vision. Analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards; reported as hazard ratio with 95% CI and p-value.
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