Stronger at Home: Improving Outcomes for Older Adults After Hip Fracture

The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)

The primary outcome of the study (functional abilities) will be assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), a patient-reported outcome measure consisting of 20 items. The LEFS has been validated for various populations, including patients recovering from hip surgeries, and has shown excellent reliability, validity, and responsiveness. It provides a score ranging from 0 to 80 based on the responses to each item's options. The LEFS was chosen based on its ability to evaluate important functional activities for patients, and its use as a primary outcome in the pilot study helped determine the sample size for this trial.

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) will be used as a secondary measure of physical function. The SPPB is a performance-based assessment that includes three tests: standing balance, gait speed, and chair-rising. The total score ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating better lower extremity physical performance. The SPPB has been extensively validated and used in geriatric research.

Modified Falls Efficacy Scale

The Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES) is a commonly used self-report measure designed to assess an individual's confidence in their ability to perform daily activities without falling. It evaluates balance confidence and fear of falling in older adults or individuals with balance impairments. The scale consists of various activities or situations in which falls may occur, and respondents rate their level of confidence in performing each task without falling. The MFES typically consists of 14 or 16 items, and each item is rated on a scale ranging from 0% (no confidence) to 100% (complete confidence). The items cover a wide range of activities, including both basic and more complex tasks such as walking on various surfaces, climbing stairs, reaching overhead, and getting out of a chair.

Pain measured with Numerical Analogue Scale (NAS)

The NAS will be utilized to assess pain intensity. Participants will be asked to rate their pain levels at rest and during walking on a scale ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK)

The TSK will be employed to measure pain-related fear. It assesses individuals' fear and avoidance of physical activity due to pain and provides insights into how fear influences their functional recovery.

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL)

HRQL refers to the impact of a health condition or intervention on a person's well-being. In this study, HRQL will be measured using the EQ-5D. EQ-5D is a generic instrument assessing HRQL across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has three levels (1 = no problems, 2 = some problems, 3 = severe problems).

Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)

QALYs are a measure of the quantity and quality of life lived. They combine information on HRQL and life expectancy to provide a single summary measure of health outcomes. QALYs will be calculated by assigning utility weights to the HRQL scores obtained from participants and multiplying them by the time spent in that health state.The measurement scale for QALYs ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents death and 1 represents perfect health. QALYs are calculated by multiplying the utility weight assigned to a specific health state (obtained from HRQL measures) by the time spent in that state.

Charlson Comorbidity Index

Index developed to capture comorbidities and will be used at baseline to describe the population. Higher scores indicate greater comorbidity.

Sociodemographic information

Survey questionnaire related to living status, employment, smoking status, alcohol consumption, height and weight, income, falls history.