This study was a cross-sectional, observational design without involving random grouping or intervention. From July 2026 to June 2027, 199 children with type 1 diabetes who had received insulin treatment for at least 6 months and their main family caregivers were recruited by a continuous enrollment method from the endocrinology department of a tertiary children's hospital in Zhejiang Province. Qualified investigators conducted on-site distribution and collection of structured questionnaires, collecting general information of the children, the occurrence of skin complications, and the insulin injection behaviors of the caregivers. At the same time, personnel with ultrasound qualifications used a wireless handheld ultrasound combined with a skin lipid caliper to uniformly measure the subcutaneous fat thickness at 8 sites including the abdomen, buttocks, arms, and thighs.
Patient meets the diagnostic criteria for T1DM recommended by WHO and is diagnosed with T1DM.
Patient was diagnosed with T1DM for >= 6 months.
Patient has no cognitive or awareness disorders and has the ability to read.
Patient agrees to participate in this study.
Patient has acute or chronic complications of diabetes and is unable to cooperate, requiring urgent treatment.
Patient is in a state of disease stress, such as acute infection, surgery, trauma, etc., and is difficult to cooperate with the research.
Patient's family caregiver has unconsciousness or abnormal mental state.
Patient's family caregiver has hearing or language disorders.
Children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and receiving insulin treatment, along with their primary family caregivers
Other
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Prevalence of insulin injection-related lipohypertrophy
The proportion of children with type 1 diabetes who are identified as having insulin injection-related lipohypertrophy. Lipohypertrophy will be determined as present if it is detected by physical examination and/or ultrasound assessment; results from these assessments will be combined into a single yes/no determination for each participant and reported as a proportion.
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