The objective of this observational study is to compare the differences in proteomics and gut microbiome between the liver cirrhosis group without hepatic encephalopathy and the hepatic encephalopathy group through proteomics and microbiome analysis, screen out the characteristic proteomics and microbiome of patients with hepatic encephalopathy, guide clinical diagnosis and treatment, and conduct in-depth research on the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Are there any differences in serum proteomes between patients with liver cirrhosis without hepatic encephalopathy and those with hepatic encephalopathy? If so, what are the main protein differences? There are differences in the fecal microbiome between patients with liver cirrhosis without hepatic encephalopathy and those with hepatic encephalopathy? If so, what are the main microbial differences?
This study will screen for the differences in proteomes and gut microbiomes between patients with liver cirrhosis without hepatic encephalopathy and those with hepatic encephalopathy, and identify the characteristic proteomes and microbiomes of patients with hepatic encephalopathy to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Aged between 18 and 85 years, inclusive.
Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.
Normal blood ammonia level.
West-Haven Criteria grade 0 for Hepatic Encephalopathy.
Diagnosis of any malignant tumor.
History of treatment for any malignant tumor.
Presence of severe concomitant cardiac, pulmonary, cerebral, or renal diseases, or severe diabetic complications.
Use of antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, or proton pump inhibitors within the three months prior to enrollment.
Study Population: A hospital-based cohort of adult patients (aged 18-85 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, specifically recruited to form two distinct study groups based on the presence or absence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and blood ammonia levels. Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample. Participants will be consecutively recruited from inpatient units. A purposive sampling strategy will be employed to ensure the successful enrollment of a sufficient number of participants in the Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) group.
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Microbiological and proteomic measurements
1. Microbiome Alpha Diversity (Shannon Index) Variable Name: Shannon Index Unit of Measure: Unitless (Shannon Index is a dimensionless quantity) Description: Alpha diversity assessed from 16S rRNA sequencing data using the Shannon Index, analyzed via QIIME. 2. Relative Abundance of Specific Bacterial Taxa Variable Name: Relative Abundance Unit of Measure: % Description: The relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa, derived from 16S rRNA sequencing data analyzed using QIIME. 3. Proteomic Abundance of Specific Proteins Variable Name: Protein Abundance Unit of Measure: Arbitrary Intensity Units Description: Abundance of specific proteins measured by mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.
1.Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Assessment using Data Collection Forms 2.Cognitive Function Assessment using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 3.Laboratory Blood Parameters Measured by Standard Clinical Laboratory Assays
I. Participant Characteristics Sex (n) Height (m) Weight (kg) Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m²) Disease Duration (months) Description: Data collected via questionnaire, medical record review, and physical measurement. BMI was calculated from height and weight. II. Cognitive Function Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE Score (points, 0-30) III. Laboratory Parameters - Hematology Hemoglobin (g/dL) White Blood Cell Count (×10⁹/L) Platelet Count (×10⁹/L) IV. Laboratory Parameters - Coagulation Prothrombin Time (s) V. Laboratory Parameters - Liver Function and Metabolism Blood Ammonia (μmol/L) Serum Albumin (g/dL) Alanine Aminotransferase, ALT (U/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase, AST (U/L)
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