Chronic rhinitis (CR) is one of the most prevalent global diseases, with studies estimating that up to 30% of the worldwide population is affected. In China, the prevalence of chronic rhinitis ranges from 10% to 40%, impacting over 300 million individuals. Although non-fatal, CR significantly disrupts daily work and academic performance, predisposes patients to respiratory comorbidities such as nasal polyps and asthma, and may induce systemic complications (e.g., secretory otitis media). Additionally, it detrimentally affects mental health, contributing to psychological disorders, substantial healthcare expenditures, and socioeconomic burdens.
Clinically, CR is broadly classified into allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) based on skin prick test (SPT) and/or serum-specific IgE results. However, real-world clinical complexity arises as a subset of patients exhibit AR symptoms despite negative test results (local allergic rhinitis), while others with confirmed AR evade detection via conventional methods. This challenges the traditional dichotomous classification, highlighting its growing inadequacy. Given divergent therapeutic strategies for CR subtypes, ambiguous classification frequently leads to ineffective clinical outcomes, necessitating a gold-standard diagnostic framework for precise phenotyping.
The nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT), internationally recognized as the diagnostic gold standard for AR and local allergic rhinitis, directly applies allergens to nasal mucosa to elicit or exacerbate symptoms. Endorsed by global guidelines (e.g., ARIA, EPOS), NAPT has demonstrated safety through over a decade of clinical refinement. Despite its advantages, current protocols involve multi-dose allergen challenges at varying concentrations, rendering the procedure time-prohibitive and limiting clinical adoption. Developing a simplified, standardized provocation method is an urgent unmet need to expedite practical application.
Aged 18-75 years;
patients who visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical Uncversity and were willing to undergo nasal provocation test; 3.Ptients who are willing to provide specimens for free to promote the study of the diagnostic efficacy of nasal provocation.
Aged 18-75 years;
Did not have any nasal symptoms and tested negative for allergens
Acute rhinosinusitis or acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis; active phase or symptom exacerbation of allergic diseases (e.g., allergic rhinitis, asthma).
History of severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis).
Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or severe cardiopulmonary diseases contraindicating epinephrine use.
Active phase of other severe systemic diseases (e.g., malignancies, autoimmune diseases).
1.Aged 18-75 years; 2. patients who visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical Uncversity and were willing to undergo nasal provocation test; 3.Ptients who are willing to provide specimens for free to promote the study of the diagnostic efficacy of nasal provocation.
Cohort
Prospective
Not listed
visual analogue scale for nasal symptoms
Patients are scored by questionnaire before and after treatment, and the change in score before and after treatment is the primary outcome measure ,the value of the total scores change from 0 point to 40, higher scores mean a comparatively more positive outcome, which means the patient has a more severe symptoms.
total nasal symptom scores
Patients are scored by questionnaire before and after treatment, and the change in score before and after treatment is the primary outcome measure ,the value of the total scores change from 0 point to 12, higher scores mean a comparatively more positive outcome, which means the patient has a more severe symptoms.
4-phase rhinomanometry (4PR) measurements of nasal resistance
To measure the nasal resistance changes at 150Pa before and after the nasal provocation tests.
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