Clinical practice guidelines for smoking cessation emphasize cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help patients develop coping strategies for urges. Mindfulness or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) offer a different approach, which teaches smokers psychological flexibility through accepting negative experiences. While there is evidence for the efficacy of both CBT and Mindfulness/ACT smoking cessation interventions, it is unclear if these approaches are efficacious when implemented in real-time and with young adults. The overall goal of this proposal is to evaluate the efficacy of CBT and Mindfulness/ACT messages for young adults targeted at specific high-risk situations for smoking.
live in the U.S.
read English;
are between 18 and 30 years of age;
own an iPhone or Android smartphone;
None
Parallel
Smartphone-based intervention messages
BehavioralIntervention messages in the proposed trial will address specific high-risk situations for smoking and smoking urges. Messages will focus on two key situational triggers for message matching: 1. Stress (high/low) and 2. Presence of other smokers (yes/no). For each situation, characterized by a combination of these characteristics, several messages were developed. To improve user engagement with the intervention, all messages contain visual content in form of pictures.
Change in smoking urge as assessed by a single item
The primary outcome will be change in participants' rating of smoking urge in EMA-post surveys, prompted 15 minutes after intervention message delivery, and controlling for the ratings in EMA-pre surveys. Urge will be assessed by a single item on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high).
Change in cigarettes smoked per day in past week as assessed by a single item
The primary outcome will be change in self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day in the past week from baseline to 45-day, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up.
Smoking since intervention message delivery as assessed by a single item
Smoking in the 15 minutes after message delivery will be assessed by a single item on a binary response scale (yes/no).
Other tobacco product use since intervention message delivery as assessed by a single item
Other tobacco product use, including e-cigarette use, in the 15 minutes after message delivery will be assessed by a single item on a binary response scale (yes/no).
Change in stress as assessed by a single item
Change in rating of stress in EMA-post surveys, prompted 15 minutes after intervention message delivery, and controlling for the ratings in EMA-pre surveys. Stress will be assessed by a single item on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high).
Change in negative affect as assessed by a single item
Change in rating of negative affect in EMA-post surveys, prompted 15 minutes after intervention message delivery, and controlling for the ratings in EMA-pre surveys. Negative affect will be assessed by a single item on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high).
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