A large number of people have a stroke each year and it is a major cause of disability worldwide. Upper limb motor impairments, aphasia, body control problems and decreased motor imagery ability are common after stroke. Although there are studies showing that these impairments may be related to each other, there is no comprehensive study examining the relationship between Turkish language skills and these motor functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Turkish language skills and upper extremity motor function, trunk control and motor imagery ability in stroke patients.
18 years of age or older
Stroke onset more than 1 week
Not having practiced imagery before
Being a native speaker of Turkish
No consent from the family or person
Having had a stroke before
Severe hearing or vision loss
Individuals are excluded if they have other primary medical conditions that may affect language and motor functions (e.g. brain tumor, Parkinson's disease, severe post-stroke depression, Alzheimer's disease) or have undergone surgery.
This study will be conducted with individuals who have had a stroke and are 18 years of age or older. Participants will be individuals who have had a stroke at least 1 week ago, who have not received motor imagery practice before, whose native language is Turkish, and whose cognitive competence has been confirmed by the Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT) (≥24 points). In addition, only individuals with a history of cerebrovascular events will be included.
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Aphasia Language Assessment Test (ADD)
The Aphasia Language Assessment Test was developed by Maviş and Toğram. It is a language test that allows diagnosing aphasia, determining the type of aphasia, determining the performance of the individual with aphasia in all language areas and selecting appropriate therapy goals for the individual. The Aphasia Language Assessment Test consists of 8 subtests assessing speech fluency, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, speech acts, grammar and writing. Correct and independent responses are scored as 2; incomplete, inadequate or assisted responses as 1 and incorrect responses or no response as 0.
GAT-2 (Gulhane Aphasia Test)
This test consists of six parts and assesses the individual's awareness, comprehension (speech comprehension, reading comprehension), oral-motor skills, automatic speech, repetition and naming skills. This test also determines whether the individual diagnosed with aphasia is accompanied by dysarthria, apraxia or paraphasia in language production. Hearing comprehension is evaluated with 20 items, reading comprehension with 15 items, repetition with 6 items and naming with 13 items. The score of each section is expressed as a percentage. The total aphasia score is obtained by summing the scores of all sections (minimum 0, maximum 600 points). A lower aphasia score indicates more severe aphasia. A score of 40% or less on at least three sections indicates moderate-to-severe aphasia. However, the GAT only gives a numerical value for aphasia, and aphasia cannot be typed.
Fugl Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment Scale (FMA-UE)
The Fugl Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment Scale is a performance-based scale (Van Wijck FM et al 2001, Gladstone D et al 2002). The test consists of reflex activity, flexor and extensor synergy, combined synergistic movements, non-synergistic movements, normal reflex activity, wrist and hand assessment, coordination and speed assessment. It consists of 33 items in total and each item is scored between 0 and 2 points (0: unable, 1: partially able, 2: fully able). The total score is 66.
Upper Extremity Activity Test
The upper extremity activity test is a 19-item performance test used to evaluate upper extremity function in stroke survivors and patients after brain injury. It was developed by Lyle in 1981. The test is divided into four subscales: coarse grasp, fine grasp, fingertip grip and gross movement. It is organized hierarchically from the most difficult task to the least difficult task. It is suggested that normal movement in the most difficult task will be an indicator of successful performance in the following tasks and will increase the efficiency of the test. Task performance is assessed on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no movement) to 3 (movement is performed normally). In the ARAT, scores range from 0-57 and a high score indicates no dysfunction in the upper limb.
Body Disorder Scale
It is a test developed to evaluate the trunk control of stroke patients. It includes 3 subheadings evaluating static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance and coordination. Static sitting balance includes 3 questions, dynamic sitting balance includes 10 questions and coordination includes 4 questions. It is scored between 0 and 23. 0 is the lowest value and 23 is the highest value and indicates good trunk control. It is important in terms of evaluating the quality of trunk movements, examining the development and shaping the treatment. This test, which has proven its validity and reliability in our country as in many countries, provides a detailed examination of trunk control, which is a very important part of postural control and balance.
Functional Independence Scale (FIM)
The Turkish version of the Functional Independence Scale (FIM) was used to assess functional independence in activities of daily living. The FIM analyzes two different aspects of disability, motor and cognitive functions. It consists of six functional sections: self-care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, communication and social perception. In the FIM, a total of 18 activities are assessed for functional independence using a seven-point scale for each. Each item is scored from 1-7 points in proportion to the amount of assistance received (1 point: fully assisted, 7 points: fully independent). The minimum score is 18 and the maximum score is 126.
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