The Effects of Yoga Exercises in Overweight and Obese Women

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Spirometry is a fundamental test for assessing lung function and is essential for the evaluation and monitoring of respiratory diseases. Spirometry is a physiological test that measures the maximum effort a person can exhale and the maximum volume of air they can exhale. For the evaluation of lung function, a Care Fusion brand spirometry device will be used. Before the test, the patient's gender, age, height, and weight will be recorded in the device. The patient will be seated in a position that facilitates the required maneuvers, and nasal breathing will be prevented by placing a nose clip. After three test measurements with 95% consistency, the best value obtained will be used.

Assessment of Dynamic Balance and Functional Level (Timed Up and Go Test)

The test, originally called the "Timed Up \& Go Test," is frequently used to measure the functional status of the lower extremities. This test also assesses individuals' ability to maintain balance during transfers and walking. In this test, individuals are asked to sit on a standard fourtyfive cm high chair with their feet flat on the ground, then stand up, walk as quickly but safely as possible for three meters, turn around at the marked point three meters away, walk back toward the chair, and sit down again. The time taken between starting and finishing the test is recorded in seconds using a stopwatch. Individuals are asked to repeat the test three times, and the average of the three trials is used for analysis.

Body Mass Index

Weight (kg): The Tanita BIA scale device will measure the individual's body weight in kilograms. This measurement is essential for calculating other body composition parameters and assessing overall health. Height (cm): A stadiometer with an accuracy of ±0.5 cm will be used to measure the individual's height in centimeters. Accurate height measurement is fundamental for calculating body mass index (BMI) and assessing growth patterns.After completing the measurements, the dietitian will calculate the BMI by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is a widely used indicator to assess whether an individual has a healthy body weight for a given height.

Waist Circumference

Waist circumference will be measured at the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest, using a non-stretch tape measure. The individual will stand with feet close together, arms at the sides, and body weight evenly distributed. The measurement will be taken at the end of a normal expiration, ensuring the tape is horizontal and snug but not compressing the skin.

Assessment of Quality of Life (Short Form-36)

In general terms, quality of life is defined as an individual's perception of their situation in life, in the context of their cultural values, expectations, and desires. The Short Form-36 is a generic, broad-scale measurement tool within quality of life scales. It was developed and made available by the RAND Corporation. The reliability and validity of the Turkish version were assessed by Koçyiğit and colleagues. The survey is divided into eight subcategories: social functioning, physical functioning, emotional functioning, physical role limitations, general health status, mental health status, pain, and vitality (energy), and consists of thirty-six questions. Scoring is done on a scale from zero to one hundred, where zero indicates very poor health status and one hundred indicates no health problems.

Assessment of Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI)

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was developed by Buysse et al. and adapted into Turkish by Ağargün et al. The PSQI is a nineteen-item self-report scale that evaluates sleep quality and disturbances over the past month. It consists of twenty-four questions, nineteen of which are self-report items, while five questions are answered by a bed partner or roommate. The eighteen scored questions of the scale are divided into seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction. Each component is scored on a zero to three scale. The total score of the scale is derived from the sum of the seven components. The total score ranges from zero to twenty-one. A total score greater than five indicates poor sleep quality.

Assessment of Emotional Status (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI))

The BAI was developed by Aaron Beck. It consists of twenty-one questions related to common anxiety symptoms such as sweating, trembling, fear, and distress, and asks how the individual has felt during the past week, including the current day. The aim is to measure the anxiety levels present in individuals. In this scale, each item has four options, and the scoring ranges from zero to three (zero points for "Not at all"; one point for "Mild level (didn't affect me)"; two points for "Moderate level (it was unpleasant but bearable)"; three points for "Severe level (I had difficulty bearing it)"). The total score obtained from the answers ranges from zero to sixty-three. At the end of the test, the scores are totaled. The categorization is as follows: eight to fifteen points: mild anxiety symptoms; sixteen to twenty-five points: moderate anxiety symptoms; twenty-six to sixty-three points: severe anxiety symptoms. The internal consistency reliability was found to be eighty-six.

Assessment of Emotional Status (Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI))

The BAI, developed by Aaron Beck, consists of twenty-one questions assessing common anxiety symptoms such as sweating, trembling, fear, and distress. It evaluates how individuals have felt over the past week, including the current day. Each item has four response options, scored from zero to three. The total score ranges from zero to sixty-three. Anxiety levels are categorized as mild (eight to fifteen), moderate (sixteen to twenty-five), and severe (twenty-six to sixty-three). The reliability coefficient of the scale in Turkey was reported as Cronbach's alpha = 0.92.