The goal of this observational study is to examine the potential relationship between ultra-processed food consumption and the presence of dental caries and periodontal disease, and to evaluate the role of the Ultra-Processed Food Index (UPFI) in this association.
The main question it aims to answer is:
Does increased consumption of ultra-processed foods raise the risk or severity of dental caries and periodontal disease in individuals?
Participants will include individuals within a specified age range who voluntarily agree to participate in the study. Oral health status will be assessed through standard clinical parameters, including the presence of caries, plaque index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing. Dietary habits will be evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and individual UPFI scores will be calculated. The study will aim to observe and analyze the effects of ultra-processed food consumption on oral health outcomes.
Individuals between the ages of 18 and 65,
Individuals with at least 20 teeth,
Not having received periodontal treatment in the last 6 months,
Not having taken antibiotics, steroids, and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the last 3 weeks,
Patients with endocrine or genetic disorders such as hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, or Cushing's syndrome
Patients with active infectious disease
Patients taking medications that may affect periodontal tissues
Patients who have recently taken antibiotics (within 4 months)
Patients coming to the Periodontology Clinic of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Dentistry for routine treatment
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Ultra-Processed Food Index (UPFI)
This index system is a quantitative indicator used to measure the proportion of ultra-processed foods in the diets of individuals or populations. It is expressed as a score system and shows how much of the total daily energy intake comes from ultra-processed foods. It is usually calculated from dietary data of an individual or group.
Decayed Missing Filled Tooth (DMFT) Index
D stands for decayed tooth
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) Score
The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) will be used to assess periodontal status. Gingival bleeding, calculus, and periodontal pocket depth will be assessed. Possible scores are as follows: 0 - Healthy; 1. \- Bleeding after probing; 2. \- Calculus; 3. \- Pocket 4-5 mm; 4. \- Pocket 6 mm or greater. The highest CPI score for each sextant will be recorded from six tooth indices (16, 11, 26, 36, 31, and 46). Each tooth indices will be carefully measured using a mirror and a 0.5 mm ball-end WHO probe, applying a force of approximately 20 g.
Age
Age is a demographic variable representing the time elapsed since birth and is a fundamental determinant in the assessment of health outcomes.
Waist Circumference
Waist Circumference: The individual stands upright. A tape measure is taken horizontally at the narrowest point of the waist (usually between the bottom of the ribs and the top of the hipbone). It is expressed in cm.
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