Preoperatively, patients will undergo transthoracic echocardiography measurements approximately 15-30 minutes before induction. TTE will be performed on all patients by an experienced observer; the echocardiography device will be equipped with an S4-2 transducer (4-2 MHz frequency range) in the left lateral decubitus position.
VTI and Vpeak values of the LVOT were measured from manually drawn contours using pulsatile wave Doppler technique in the apical five-chamber view. The Doppler beam was aligned with the aortic blood flow, and the signal was captured at an appropriate angle (\<20°).
The maximum (VTImax) and minimum (VTImin) VTI, as well as the maximum (Vpeakmax) and minimum (Vpeakmin) Vpeak values, were determined over three respiratory cycles. ΔVTI was calculated with the following formula:
ΔVTI = \[2 × (VTImax - VTImin) / (VTImax + VTImin)\] × 100%.
ΔVpeak was calculated with the following formula:
ΔVpeak = \[2 × (Vpeakmax - Vpeakmin) / (Vpeakmax + Vpeakmin)\] × 100%. These parameters were analyzed to evaluate the hemodynamic status of patients and estimate fluid responsiveness.
Patients with a 30% decrease from baseline in SBP and a decrease in MAP below 60 mmHg in the first 10 minutes after anesthesia induction were considered to have hypotension. Patients were divided into two groups: "with" and "without" hypotension.
18-75 years
ASA Physical Status 1-3;
Patients scheduled for general anesthesia
Patient is pregnant
Post-cardiac surgery
Severe pulmonary hypertension
Severe valvular disease
This study will be conducted on hemodynamically stable patients aged between 18 and 75 years, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I-III, who are scheduled for elective surgery and will undergo general anesthesia.
Other
Prospective
Inotrope
DrugHypotensive attacks with MAP below 55 mmHg or prolonged duration (2 minutes or more) will be treated with ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg.
lvot-vtı
The relationship between hypotension following induction of general anesthesia and respiratory variability in left ventricular outflow tract VTI peak velocity (Vpeak variability).
lv echo
The relationship between hypotension following induction of general anesthesia and left ventricular function parameters measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).
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