The goal of this observational study is to evaluate whether a contactless camera-based technology, called remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), can accurately measure cardiovascular parameters and estimate cardiovascular risk in adults aged 30 years and older living in a community setting in Semanan, Jakarta. This study aims to determine if rPPG can be used as a simple and accessible tool for early cardiovascular screening.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
1. Do cardiovascular parameters measured using rPPG (such as blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac workload) agree with standard clinical measurements? 2. Do cardiovascular risk estimates generated by rPPG (such as ASCVD risk and Framingham heart age) correspond to risk calculations obtained using conventional clinical and laboratory methods?
Researchers will compare results obtained from rPPG-based facial video scans with results from standard medical assessments, including blood pressure measurements, heart rate evaluation, and laboratory tests for cholesterol levels, to determine the level of agreement and accuracy.
Participants will:
1. Undergo a short facial video scan (approximately 30-60 seconds) using an rPPG-based system 2. Receive standard clinical assessments, including blood pressure and heart rate measurements 3. Provide basic health information (such as age, sex, smoking status, and treatment history) Undergo simple laboratory testing for cholesterol levels
This study is expected to help determine whether rPPG can be used as a reliable, non-invasive, and scalable screening tool for cardiovascular risk in community and primary healthcare settings.
Adults aged ≥30 years
Willing to participate and provide informed consent
Able to undergo face scan, clinical examination, and laboratory testing
Facial abnormalities interfering with rPPG signal acquisition
Inability to remain still during measurement
Severe clinical instability
Incomplete key variables
The study population consists of community-dwelling adults aged 30 years and older residing in Semanan, Jakarta, Indonesia. Participants will be recruited through community-based consecutive sampling, including local residents, visitors to primary healthcare facilities, and individuals participating in community health programs. Eligible participants are those who are able to provide informed consent and undergo facial video scanning, clinical examination, and basic laboratory testing. Individuals with conditions that may interfere with rPPG signal acquisition (e.g., significant facial abnormalities), inability to remain still during measurement, severe clinical instability, or incomplete key data will be excluded. This population represents a general adult community suitable for evaluating cardiovascular risk screening tools in real-world, primary care and community settings.
Ecologic or community
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Agreement of rPPG-Derived Blood Pressure with Standard Measurements
Assessment of agreement between systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure obtained from rPPG-based facial video analysis and standard measurements using aneroid or digital sphygmomanometers. Agreement will be evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis (mean difference and limits of agreement).
Agreement of rPPG-Derived Heart Rate and Cardiac Workload
Evaluation of agreement between heart rate and cardiac workload obtained from rPPG and those measured using standard methods (palpation and pulse oximetry). Agreement will be analyzed using Bland-Altman and correlation analysis (Pearson/Spearman).
Concordance of rPPG-Based ASCVD Risk with Standard Risk Calculation
Assessment of agreement and concordance between ASCVD risk (%) and risk categories (low, intermediate, high) estimated using rPPG and those calculated using conventional clinical and laboratory data. Concordance will be evaluated using Cohen's Kappa and correlation analysis.
Concordance of rPPG-Derived Framingham Heart Age
Evaluation of agreement between Framingham heart age estimated using rPPG-derived parameters and heart age calculated using standard Framingham risk equations based on clinical and laboratory variables. Agreement will be assessed using correlation and Bland-Altman analysis.
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