This study aims to validate the Lithuanian version of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale in a Lithuanian sample. This will be done by comparing results obtained from the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale with results obtained from the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test.
age 18 - 65 years old;
Diagnosis of F20, F25 or F21 according to ICD-10;
Signed informed consent form.
Age younger than 18 or older than 65 years old;
Did not sign the informed consent form;
Legally inactive person
Patients with a comorbid or primary diagnosis of mental retardation according to ICD-10 (F70 - F79);
Inpatients between 18 and 65 years old with a diagnosis of F20, F25, or F21, according to ICD-10, who sign the informed consent form and do not have any exclusion criteria, will be included in the study. We will not devide patients who have active psychotic symptoms and those who do not.
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Brief Negative Symptoms Scale
Diagnostic testThe Lithuanian Brief Negative Symptoms scale (BNSS) version will be used and validated. BNSS is used as a modern tool for the evaluation of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Older tools used for negative symptoms evaluation often include symptoms from other dimensions of symptoms of schizophrenia, and BNSS evaluates negative symptoms specifically. BNSS is a semi-structured interview made of 13 items. There are six subscales: anhedonia (3 items), lack of normal distress (1 item), asociality (2 items), avolition (2 items), blunted affect (3 items) and alogia (2 items).
The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia
Diagnostic testThe Lithuanian version of the CDSS will be used and validated. CDSS is a tool used to evaluate depressive symptoms, specifically for patients with schizophrenia. Often, distinguishing between depressive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia is difficult. Therefore, it is recommended to use tools designed specifically for patients with schizophrenia. CDSS is the only depression scale designed to assess depression in people with a schizophrenia syndrome disorder. It is a semi-structured interview consisting of 9 items.
The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
Diagnostic testThe Lithuanian version of the SCoRS will be used and validated. SCoRS is a 20-item interview-based assessment tool that evaluates cognitive deficits and the degree to which these deficits impair specifically in patients with schizophrenia.
Validated Lithuanian version of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale.
Patients will be evaluated using the Lithuanian version of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 78; a greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms) once during the inpatient treatment. The results will be compared with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale score (0 - 210; a greater score means more pronounced symptoms of schizophrenia), Montgomery Asperger Depression Scale (Score 0 - 60; a greater score means greater symptoms of depression), Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 40; greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (score 0 - 31; a greater score means better cognitive functions). Convergent and divergent validities will be calculated for each validated instrument by calculating correlations.
Validated Lithuanian version of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia.
Patients will be evaluated using the Lithuanian version of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (score 0 - 27; a greater score means greater depression) once during the inpatient treatment, and the results will be compared with results from the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 210, greater score means more pronounced symptoms of schizophrenia), Montgomery Asperger Depression Scale (Score 0 - 60; greater score means greater symptoms of depression), and Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 40; greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms). Convergent and divergent validities will be calculated for each validated instrument by calculating correlations.
Validated Lithuanian version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale.
Patients will be evaluated using the Lithuanian version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (score 0 - 80; a greater score means worse cognitive functions; global functioning score 1 - 10 with a greater score meaning worse functioning) once during the inpatient treatment, and the results will be compared with results from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (score 0 - 31; a greater score means better cognitive functions). Convergent and divergent validities will be calculated for each validated instrument by calculating correlations.
Correlation between negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia
Correlation between negative symptoms evaluated with second-generation negative symptoms assessment tools (Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 78; a greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms) and Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms scale (score 0 - 40; greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms) and Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (score 0 - 80; a greater score means worse cognitive functions; global functioning score 1 - 10 with a greater score meaning worse functioning). Correlations between specific subscales of the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale, the Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms Scale, and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale will be calculated. We will check for differences in correlation between different ages, education, duration of disease groups, and sexes.
Correlation between depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia
Correlation between depressive symptoms evaluated with the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (score 0 - 27; a greater score means greater depression) and Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (score 0 - 80; a greater score means worse cognitive functions; global functioning score 1 - 10 with a greater score meaning worse functioning). Correlations between specific items of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale will be calculated. We will check for differences in correlation between different ages, education, duration of disease groups, and sexes.
Correlation between negative symptoms, cognitive deficits, depressive symptoms of schizophrenia and health-related quality of life
Correlation between results obtained from the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale score 0 - 78; a greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms), Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms Scale (score 0 - 40; a greater score means more pronounced negative symptoms), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (score 0 - 27; a greater score means greater depression), and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (score 0 - 80; a greater score means worse cognitive functions; global functioning score 1 - 10 with a greater score meaning worse functioning) with results about the health-related quality of life of patients with schizophrenia evaluated with the 36-Item Short Form Survey (8 subscores scored from 0 percent to 100 percent, with more percents meaning better health-related quality of life) will be calculated. We will check for differences in correlation between different ages, education, duration of disease groups, and sexes.
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