This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual health coaching program based on artificial intelligence (AI) in improving blood sugar control among people with type 2 diabetes in primary health care settings in Jeneponto and Bantaeng, Indonesia. The intervention will be delivered through the DIACOACH application, which provides personalized coaching, lifestyle guidance, and self-care support. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group, receiving virtual health coaching for 12 weeks, or the control group, receiving standard diabetes education. Main outcomes include fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels. Other outcomes include self-care adherence, dietary behavior, and quality of life. This trial seeks to provide evidence on whether AI-based virtual coaching is a practical and effective digital health solution to support diabetes self-management in community health settings with limited resources.
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Virtual Health Coaching with Artificial Intelligence (DIACOACH)
BehavioralParticipants in the intervention group will receive a 12-week virtual health coaching program using the DIACOACH application. The program includes adaptive digital education on diet, physical activity, and medication adherence, personalized reminders, daily self-monitoring, and feedback powered by artificial intelligence. The intervention is designed to improve self-care adherence and glycemic control (FBG, HbA1c, RBG) among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care settings.
Standard Diabetes Education
BehavioralParticipants in the control group will receive standard diabetes education usually provided in primary health care centers. This includes routine counseling sessions, printed educational materials, and general advice on diet, physical activity, and medication adherence, without the use of the DIACOACH application.
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Change in fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) from baseline to post-intervention, measured using standardized laboratory methods
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Change in HbA1c (%) from baseline to post-intervention, measured using standardized laboratory methods.
Self-care Adherence
Measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. Higher scores indicate better adherence
Dietary Behavior
Changes in dietary behavior assessed using validated dietary recall questionnaires.
Physical Activity
Measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), reported in MET-minutes/week.
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