Virtual Reality Cognitive Training for Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Changes scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

The MoCA comprises12 items, it assesses orientation to time and place, attention, concentration, short-term memory, \\working memory, visuospatial abilities, language, and executive function. Scores on the MoCA range from 0 to 30, with a higher score indicative of better global cognition. A total score of 26 or above is considered within the normal cognitive function range, while a total score of 18 to 25 indicates mild cognitive impairment

Change scores of Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)

The Wechsler Memory Scale is a neuropsychological test designed to assess memory in adults aged 16 to 90. Family Pictures, Spatial Span, and Word List will be used to evaluate visual, auditory, immediate, delayed, and working memory. For each subtest, higher scores indicate better performance in memory performance. Based on age ranges, raw scores will be transformed into scaled scores ranging from 1 to 19.

Change scores of Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire, Short Version

The questionnaire is informant-reported and is typically completed by a caregiver. It comprises 30 items in seven categories: household activities, household appliances, finances, work, computer use, appliances, and leisure activities. Each item is rated based on the difficulty levels in performing it, ranging from no difficulty in performing the task to no longer being able to perform it. Score ranges from 0 to 100 and lower score indicates better functional ability.

Change scores of Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living is commonly employed to assess participants' ability to perform daily tasks and identify early functional decline. In semi-structured interviews, participants describe how they currently perform the eight IADLs. Each item is rated based on the levels of competence, ranging from independence in performing the activity to not being able to perform it at all. Score ranges from 8 to 31 and higher scores indicate better functional ability.

Change scores of Digit Span

Participants will be verbally presented with a random series of digits and asked to repeat them in the same order presented (forward span), in the reverse order (backward span), or ascending order (serial span). The raw score is determined by the number of the correct items and is transformed into a scaled score ranging from 1 to 19. Higher scores indicate better performance.

Change scores of Stroop Color-Word Test

The examinee is instructed to read words or to name the ink colors as quickly as possible within a specified time limit. The Stroop Color-Word Test consists of congruent and incongruent stimuli. Reaction time and errors on congruent and incongruent trials are recorded. A more minor time difference between congruent and incongruent trials indicates better executive function

Presence Questionnaire

The questionnaire evaluates the extent to which participants feel a sense of presence within the virtual environment. It comprises 17 items grouped into three categories: involved/control, natural, and interface quality. It employs a seven-point Likert scale, and the score ranges from 17 to 119. Higher scores indicate a stronger sense of presence.

Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire

The questionnaire measures participants' capacity to immerse or engage in the virtual environment fully. It comprises 16 items distributed across three subscales: involvement, focus, and games. It employs a seven-point Likert scale, the score ranges from 16 to 112. Higher scores indicate a greater tendency to become immersed.

Simulator Sickness Questionnaire

The questionnaire assesses any adverse effects or discomfort experienced by participants during their interaction with the virtual environment. It encompasses 16 items categorized into three subscales: oculomotor, disorientation, and nausea. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 3, and the overall score ranges from 0 to 48. Higher scores indicate higher discomfort

Technology Acceptance

The questionnaire assesses an individual's confidence and attitude levels toward technology. Seven sub-scales will be used, including Perceived Ease of Use (4 items), Perceptions of External Control (4 items), Computer Anxiety (4 items), Perceived Enjoyment (3 items), Output Quality (3 items), Result Demonstrability (4 items), and Behavioral Intention (3 items). It employs a seven-point Likert scale, the score ranges from 25 to 175. Higher scores indicate a higher technology acceptance.