VISMEMO-PD is an observational pilot study aimed at investigating visuospatial memory in reaching space and topographical memory in navigational space in patients with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism. The protocol is based on the hypothesis that topographical memory may deteriorate before visuospatial memory, suggesting that navigational memory impairment could represent an early indicator of disease progression. The study will include 80 participants stratified into four groups: patients with mild Parkinson's disease, patients with moderate-advanced Parkinson's disease, patients with Parkinsonism, and healthy participants. Visuospatial memory will be assessed using the Corsi Block-tapping Test, while topographical memory will be assessed using the Walking Corsi Test. Walking motor patterns will be recorded using wearable inertial sensors from the MOVIT system, and visual exploration strategies will be assessed using a wearable Pupil Labs eye-tracking system. The integration of cognitive, motor, and eye-tracking measures may support the identification of early neuropsychological markers and the development of tailored neurorehabilitation pathways for individuals with Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism.
Male and female subjects aged between 35 and 80 years;
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease according to the United Kingdom (UK) Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria;
Diagnosis of primary atypical parkinsonism MSA-P, according to the Second Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy;
Diagnosis of primary atypical parkinsonism PSP-P, according to the Movement Disorder Society criteria for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;
Diagnosis of neurological disorders other than Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease;
Depressive disorders or Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score > 20;
Musculoskeletal disorders that could impair gait performance.
Diagnosis of neurological disorders;
Patients with Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, and healthy participants
Case-control
Prospective
Multimodal visuospatial and topographical memory assessment
Other interventionParticipants will undergo visuospatial memory assessment using the Corsi Block-Tapping Test and topographical memory assessment using the Walking Corsi Test. Gait parameters will be recorded using wearable inertial sensors, while visual exploration strategies will be assessed using a wearable eye-tracking system. Assessments will be performed at baseline and repeated at 12 and 24 months.
Comparison between topographical memory in navigational space and visuospatial memory in reaching space
Assessment and comparison of topographical memory performance in navigational space and visuospatial memory performance in reaching space. Topographical memory will be evaluated using the Walking Corsi Test, while visuospatial memory will be evaluated using the Corsi Block-tapping Test. The outcome will be used to identify navigational memory deficits and to investigate whether impairment in navigational space may anticipate impairment in reaching-space visuospatial memory.
Integrated assessment of topographical memory, gait patterns, and visual exploration strategies
Evaluation of the relationships among topographical memory performance, walking motor patterns, and visual exploration strategies during the Corsi Block-tapping Test and Walking
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