YES: Innovative Discussion for Engagement, Achievement, and Service

Change in Violence Perpetration

6 items on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (3 or more times) assess the frequency of physical violence perpetration in the past 30 days. A sample item is "In the past 30 days, how often have you hit someone with your fists or beat up someone?" A higher score indicates more instances of violence perpetration in the past 30 days. Items were adapted for the current study from Hurd et al. (2011).

Change in Targeted Aggression

5 items on a 6-point Likert Scale ranging from 1 (never) to 6 (5 or more times) measure frequency of aggression targeted toward specific group in the past 30 days. A sample item includes "In the past 30 days, how often have you told lies or spread false rumors about someone because of their race?" Higher scores indicate more instances of targeted aggression perpetration. Items were adapted for the current study from the Multisite Violence Prevention Project (2004) and Brondolo et al. (2005).

Change in Prosocial behaviors

3 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) measure students' prosocial behavior. A sample item is "I am kind to other people." Higher scores indicate more prosocial behavior. Items were adapted for the current study from Nielsen et al., 2015.

Change in Bystander behaviors

6 items on a 2-point scale from 0 (no) to 1 (yes) assess youths' bystander behaviors. A sample item is "Have you called out someone who says something bad about another race or makes a racial joke?" Higher scores indicate youth engage in more positive bystander behaviors. Items were adapted for the current study from Salmivalli et al., 1996.