Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether an online mental and emotional support program called ACL Unbroken can help people recovering from ACL reconstruction surgery feel more confident and ready to return to sports when used alongside standard physical therapy. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Does the ACL Unbroken program help people feel more mentally prepared and confident to return to sports after ACL surgery? * Does the ACL Unbroken program improve recovery outcomes, such as physical performance, return to sports participation, satisfaction with recovery, and reducing the risk of another ACL injury? Participants in the study will: * Continue to receive their usual physical therapy and medical care prescribed by their healthcare providers. * Complete surveys and assessments about their recovery, confidence, readiness to return to sports, and overall recovery experience. * Be assigned to one of two groups by chance. * If assigned to the intervention group, receive access to the ACL Unbroken online program, which includes educational lessons and activities focused on goal setting, confidence building, coping with fear of re-injury, stress management, motivation, mindfulness, meditation, visualization, and resilience during recovery. * If assigned to the comparison group, not receive access to the ACL Unbroken program during the study period. If there is a comparison group, researchers will compare participants who receive the ACL Unbroken program with participants who receive standard care alone to see whether the program improves psychological readiness, recovery outcomes, and return-to-sport success after ACL reconstruction surgery.

The purpose of this study is to compare changes in lower limb symmetry during functional and strength tests, before and after the motor imagery program, in patients who received the 3-week motor imagery program starting 3 months post-surgery versus patients who did not receive the motor imagery program.

The purpose of this study is to determine if intraosseous (IO) morphine decreases pain and post-operative opioid use in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a prevailing problem among sports participants, especially in non-contact sports. Studies have reported that 70-84% of ACL injuries are non-contact in nature, and movements like changing in direction while running, cutting and pivoting on a planted foot have resulted in a majority of ACL injuries. Even after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) surgeries, study has reported a 30-50% prevalence of developing patellofemoral joint (PFJ) pain in 1-2 years post-operation. Whole body vibration (WBV) therapy has been gaining attention as an effective method of training in recent years. It has been proved to have a positive effect on improving muscle strength, muscle activities, muscle power and loading during drop jump. Though duration of WBV may differ according to the effect of interest, several studies have had positive results with a 8 week WBV therapy in increasing muscle strength, proprioception, and post-ACLR knee functions. Further investigation on the underlying mechanism and possible application are to be continued to explore more possibilities with the WBV therapy.

Randomized control trial comparing two different Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: the semitendinosus hamstrings graft and the quadriceps graft. Capio Artro Clinic (Stockholm) has vast experience in ACL surgery using both semitendinosus and quadriceps grafts.

This study hypothesizes that the tunnel positioning and drilling direction in two single-bundle reconstruction techniques (Anatomical Single-Bundle Reconstruction, ASBR, and Central Axial Single-Bundle Reconstruction, CASBR) influence the biomechanical environment of the graft, thereby affecting graft remodeling and maturation, ultimately impacting postoperative outcomes. Studies have shown that the graft bending angle (GBA) is a critical factor affecting graft ligamentization. ASBR, with a higher GBA, may result in poorer graft maturation, while CASBR, with a lower GBA, may provide a more favorable biomechanical environment. Additionally, graft volume has been identified as an important factor influencing postoperative graft maturation. Therefore, this study also examines the double-bundle reconstruction (DBR) technique, which has a GBA similar to CASBR. The Impact of Three Techniques on Graft Maturation Anatomical Single-Bundle Reconstruction (ASBR) ASBR involves drilling a single tunnel at both the femoral and tibial ends, with the tunnel positioned at the center of the dense fiber area of the ACL footprint. The femoral tunnel is positioned at 90° knee flexion and drilled at 120°, while the tibial tunnel is positioned at 70° knee flexion. Due to the higher GBA in ASBR, the graft may experience greater bending stress during motion, leading to impaired graft maturation, limited ligamentization, and increased stress concentration around the tunnel, potentially causing tunnel widening. Central Axial Single-Bundle Reconstruction (CASBR) CASBR also involves drilling a single tunnel at both ends, but the tunnel is positioned in the posterior region of the dense fiber area of the ACL footprint, mimicking the central axis of the native ACL. The femoral tunnel is positioned at 90° knee flexion and drilled at 120°, while the tibial tunnel is positioned at 70° knee flexion. Compared to ASBR, CASBR's lower GBA results in more uniform graft stress distribution, promoting better graft maturation and reducing the risk of stress concentration and tunnel widening. Double-Bundle Reconstruction (DBR) DBR involves drilling two tunnels at both the femoral and tibial ends, targeting the dense fiber areas of the anterior medial bundle (AMB) and posterior lateral bundle (PLB) of the ACL footprint. The positioning of the PLB tunnel is similar to CASBR, while the AMB tunnel is located in the anterior region of the footprint. DBR provides a more anatomically accurate distribution of forces, leading to a more even biomechanical environment. However, the increased number of tunnels may complicate stress distribution. Impact on Postoperative Outcomes ASBR, with its higher GBA, may lead to poor graft maturation and increased tunnel widening. CASBR, with a lower GBA, offers a more favorable biomechanical environment for graft maturation. While DBR ensures a more uniform force distribution, the additional tunnels may introduce complexities in stress distribution, potentially affecting postoperative recovery and return to sports (RTS).

Quadriceps muscle strength is one of the key determinants for patients to fulfill the Return-to-Play (RTP) criteria after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), in which the muscle size is directly linked to muscle strength. Quadriceps muscle atrophy is unavoidable after ACLR, but the rehabilitation program should increase quadriceps muscle mass. However, despite good rehabilitation compliance, some patient's progress is sub-par and fail to regain muscle mass. Quadriceps muscle atrophy can persist beyond the completion of the rehabilitation program in almost half the patients and the reason behind this is still unknown. This represents an area that requires significant investigation, as quadriceps muscle atrophy and weakness have been shown to be determinants of poor knee function, decreased performance in sports and increased risk of reinjury. Quadriceps muscle atrophy after ACLR is well documented. This can be due to a decreased ability to regain muscle mass with rehabilitation. Athletes are one of the high-risk groups for vitamin D insufficiencies. Vitamin D deficiency can potentially result in decreased hypertrophy when exercising the muscle, leading to a poorer outcome in rehabilitation. Vitamin D has long been recognized for its effect on musculoskeletal health. It can have a direct effect on muscle hypertrophy by acting on specific vitamin D receptors (VDRs) on myocytes, and sufficient or increased levels of vitamin D in patients have been found to correlate with an increase in the size, number, and strength of muscle fibres. Quadriceps muscle hypertrophy after ACLR is triggered by exercise training, facilitated by diet and a number of intrinsic factors. As the rehabilitation programs and diets are similar in patients with varying extents of quadriceps muscle atrophy, individual responses (intrinsic factors) to exercise training may account for the resulting persistent quadriceps muscle atrophy. In this study, the investigators hypothesize that the deficiency of vitamin D may contribute to persistent quadriceps atrophy and weakness. With a stringent double-blinded randomized-controlled-trial (RCT) research design, our proposal will then address the research questions: 'Does vitamin D supplements improve the vitamin D deficiency status in patients after ACL reconstruction?', and 'Does vitamin D supplements improve quadriceps muscle strength for patients after ACLR?'

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important ligamentous structure in the knee joint which contributes in maintaining stability. ACL injury contribute to approximately 50% of knee injuries .The incidence of ACL ruptures is estimated to be between 30 and 78 per 100,000 people per year . The incidence of ACL ruptures varies depending on a number of factors, including age, sex, sport participation, and genetics. ACL ruptures are most common in young adults, particularly women. The risk of an ACL rupture has been reported as 2-8 times higher for women than for men. A systematic review study found that the risk of ACL injury was highest in football, followed by soccer, basketball, and skiing . Nowadays, Peroneus longus tendon (PLT) autograft is used in orthopaedic surgeries. Some studies reported that PLT graft had maintained a possible more efficient ACL substitute for its tensile strength and regeneration ability after being inserted post-surgery . The PLT graft has additional benefit as it does not cause secondary injury to the knee and its adjacent structures . Ankle proprioception is one of the crucial components contributing to postural control . PLT graft for ACL reconstruction might affect the already compromised body balance by influencing postural stability and ankle stability at the donor ankle site. So, this study will be conducted to assess and compare the effect of ACLreconstruction with PLT graft to the effect of ACL reconstruction with HT graft on ankle stability and postural control .

The goal of this observational study is to explore the significance of subject-reported outcomes and clinical parameters in relation to the occurence of prolonged presence of arthrogenic muscle responses (AMR) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed patients. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1\. Is there a link between the long-term occurence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients and the level of kinesiophobia experienced before or after their ACL surgery? We hypothesize that ACL patients with higher levels of kinesiophobia are more likely to exhibit prolonged AMR as an unconscious reaction to protect their affected knee joint. 2\. Is the long-term presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to their subjective knee function and stability (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that poorer subjective knee function and stability might be associated with the presence of prolonged arthrogenic muscle responses in ACL reconstructed patients. 3\. Is the prolonged presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to their pain levels (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that ACL patients with higher pre- and/or postsurgical pain levels may exhibit a higher degree of long-lasting AMR. 4\. Is the long-term presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to clinical parameters such as swelling, isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength and knee range of motion (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that ACL patients with poorer outcomes in terms of these clinical parameters may be more likely to exhibit prolonged AMR. Participants will: * Fill in the following questionnaires 1 week before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery: * Demopgraphical information * Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) * Lysholm Score (only question 1) * Tegner Activity Scale (current activity level, pre-injury activity level and desired activity level after recovery) * Numeric Rating Score (NRS) for pain levels during the day \& during the night * ACL-Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) * Complete a testing protocol 5 months after their surgery, which includes bilateral electromyographical measurements of the hamstrings and quadriceps during jumping tasks and a quadriceps inhibition measurement using the interpolated twitch method to evaluate the presence of prolonged AMR.

The purpose of this clinical study is to compare the outcomes of two surgical techniques for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) after a single, primary ACL rupture. The main question to be answered is: \- Does less widening of the tibial tunnel occur when a bone/Platelet rich plasma (PrP) composite material is placed directly into the tibial tunnel after fixation of the implant (experimental group) compared to the same surgery without the use of the composite material (control group)? Participants will be randomized into one of the two groups and they will not know which group they belong to. After 12 months they will undergo CT, MRI, medical examination and functional knee testing. They will have a further medical examination and functional knee testing at 24 months. Patient Reported Outcomes will be collected before surgery, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery.