Freezing of Gait Symptoms in Parkinson Disease

The purpose of this trial is to study the safety, practicality, and effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy in a brain region called the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) to treat disabling freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) when standard treatments are no longer effective. The study uses either the Medtronic's Percept™ PC or RC systems for DBS therapy. Please note that although the Medtronic systems are FDA-approved for other diseases, they have not been approved for the treatment of FOG in PD and their use for stimulation of the CnF target is experimental.

This study is investigating the use of transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) on the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in changing freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's disease. The PPN is noted to be involved in voluntary movements, locomotion, and muscle tone. This will be assessed by patient-reported outcomes and analyzing the gait. The study will also investigate the effects of the stimulation on the PPN and surrounding connectivity by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the ParkinSense system, a customizable, multimodal, and adaptable cueing system, can assist with freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with Parkinson's disease. The main question it aims to answer is: is the percent of time spent frozen reduced when using the system compared to not using the system? Participants will be asked to take part in a single-visit laboratory study where they will wear the system in a controlled environment, followed by a two weeks of home use.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the medication atomoxetine can reduce freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's disease. The main questions it aims to answer is: Does atomoxetine reduce the frequency or severity of freezing of gait? What role does noradrenaline play in freezing of gait? Researchers will compare atomoxetine to a placebo to see if atomoxetine can improve freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's disease. Participants will: Visit the study site for measurements Take atomoxetine or placebo Perform walking assessments and undergo MRI Complete questionnaires about anxiety, stress, and quality of life

The goals of this clinical trial are to 1) learn how two different rehabilitation interventions for PD can reduce Freezing of Gait (FOG) in people with Parkinson's disease, as assessed by patients, clinicians, and wearable sensors, and 2) to explore whether two different rehabilitation intervention can reduce FOG and improve daily life mobility in people with FOG sufficiently to justify a clinical trial. Participants will: * Be randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups (turning-focused agility exercise or strength-based exercise) * Have one-on-one training sessions three times per week for 6 weeks * Perform in-lab assessments before beginning and after completing the study intervention * Use wearable mobility sensors during daily life to measure their walking and balance