Effects of Wheat Flour Milling Method on Glycemic Response and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the way wheat flour is ground - by stone milling (an older method) or roller milling (used for most flour today) - changes blood sugar levels after eating bread, in healthy adults aged 20 to 40 who eat bread regularly. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does bread made from stone-milled flour cause a smaller rise in blood sugar after breakfast than bread made from roller-milled flour? Does the milling method change stomach symptoms such as bloating? Researchers will compare bread made from stone-milled wheat flour to bread made from roller-milled wheat flour, made from the same wheat and prepared the same way, to see if milling method changes blood sugar and stomach symptoms. Participants will: Eat the study bread at breakfast and lunch for 3 days, then switch to the other bread for 3 days, in a random order Eat a standard bread for a few days before each 3-day period Wear a small sensor that tracks blood sugar day and night for 14 days Keep a daily food diary, including photos of meals Answer online questionnaires about stomach symptoms
BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2 [+1]
Habitual consumption of bread on most days, at more than one meal per day [+10]