Healthy Adult Volunteer

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn how eating different snack foods affects long term hunger and gut health in healthy adults. The study will be conducted remotely over 7 weeks. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does eating a snack bar intervention for 5-weeks change how hungry participants feel throughout the day compared to a control? 2. Does eating a snack bar intervention change gut microbiome, bowel habits, digestive symptoms, and other health measures compared to a control over 5 weeks? Researchers will compare an intervention snack bar to a control snack bar to see if the intervention improves hunger, gut microbiome, digestive symptoms and other health measures. Participants will: * Eat 2 snack bars in place of their usual snacks every day for 4 weeks * Complete health measurements at the start and end of the study: a health questionnaire, 3-day food diary, 3-day hunger \& satiety survey, body measurements, and a stool sample * Fill out a short online survey (under 5 minutes) once a week

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn how eating different snack foods affects acute hunger, energy intake and eating behaviour in healthy adults. The study will be conducted remotely over 5 days. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does eating a snack bar intervention change how hungry participants feel later in the same day? 2. Does eating a snack bar intervention change participants' energy intake, nutrient intake and eating behaviour on the same day? 3. Does eating a snack bar intervention change participants mood, energy levels and alertness later in the same day? Researchers will compare an intervention snack bar to a control snack bar to see if the intervention improves hunger, energy intake, eating behaviour, and other subjective measures. Participants will: * Eat 2 snack bars for breakfast on 2 separate days, with 2 days in between * Not eat anything after 9pm the night before each test day * Fill out short online surveys (under 5 minutes) before breakfast and at set times over the next 3 hours * Not eat for 3 hours after breakfast * Write down everything they eat that day

Strength exercise is an active and dynamic activity that involves applying force against a resistance. This produces fatigue, seen as a reduced ability to apply force during and after the exercise, and perceived effort, which is a person's subjective feeling of how hard they are working. Strength exercise can also be used for therapy, as it has many benefits for different parts of the body. One of these is changing how the individual feels pain. It has been shown that doing strength exercises can reduce pain perception, a phenomenon called exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), although the exact physical reasons and the amount of exercise needed to cause this effect are not yet known. One of the most studied exercises in this area is the leg extension machine. This is a specific exercise where the legs move freely (open kinetic chain) and the machine guides the movement, which helps keep things stable and limits the effect of other factors. It is usually used to strengthen and grow the muscles in the front of the thigh, especially the quadriceps, but it can also be used to study the effects on EIH. The main goal of this study is to see if fatigue and perceived effort during strength exercise are important for EIH to happen in healthy people. Participants will complete 3 sessions, at least 7 days apart. These will include a control session and 2 sessions designed to show different levels of fatigue. Before, during, and after the sessions, the investigators will measure pain sensitivity, isometric strength, and perceived effort. Also, there will be a test to find the maximum weight for 10 repetitions and several questionnaires to collect basic info (sex, age, height...), weekly physical activity, experience with strength training, and other factors like sleep quality, stress, and mood. All this information will be completely anonymous when the study results are shared.

Safety and pharmacokinetic characteristics evaluation of DW4421-T1 and DW4421S-T1

Journeying along the historic Silk Road exposes travelers to dramatic dietary shifts, unfamiliar microbial environments, and the physical stresses of long-distance travel-all known to disrupt gut health and cause gastrointestinal complaints, including traveler's diarrhea and sleep disturbances. Such disruptions may also elevate the risk of acquiring antibiotic-resistant organisms. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated whether probiotic supplementation can help maintain gut microbial balance and support traveler well-being during trips to Silk Road regions. In addition to monitoring changes in gut microbiota composition, the study assessed gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep quality, anxiety levels, overall well-being, gut immune markers, functional profiles of the microbiome, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes.