Hydrocephalus in Infants

Hydrocephalus affects up to 2 out of every 500 births and results in long-term disability in up to 78% of those affected. The standard treatment of hydrocephalus is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion via placement of an invasive ventricular shunt to relieve elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The clinical decision for CSF diversion is based on the ventricular size and clinical symptoms which are not robust indicators of brain health in neonatal hydrocephalus. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and feasibility of performing brain contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in neonates and infants with diagnosed and/or suspected hydrocephalus.

The goal of this study is to out find out the capabilities and limitations of the combined photoacoustic and ultrasound (PAUS) imaging device for diagnosing hydrocephalus in children. The main questions it aims to answer are: * can PAUS imaging allow for new and better ways to rapidly diagnose hydrocephalus? * Can PAUS imaging be used to confirm that treatments for hydrocephalus are working? PAUS imaging has been FDA approved for other medical conditions, but this is the first study to evaluate it for hydrocephalus detection. Participants will undergo imaging through the anterior fontanelle with the dual-mode PAUS imaging device. Each imaging session will take about 30 to 60 minutes. These sessions will take place once before and once after hydrocephalus treatment, as the participant is willing. In some cases, if a patient is having cerebrospinal fluid removed at the bedside, an additional imaging session will occur to monitor the procedure in real-time, if the participant is willing.

Objectives * Primary: * To measure the reduction in VP shunt infection rates using topical vancomycin powder. * Secondary: * To compare efficacy across different Etiological Strata (Congenital, Post-hemorrhagic, post-inflammatory). * To analyze the microbiological profile of failed cases. * To compare the "Time-to-Infection" and shunt survival rates between the study and control groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis. * To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TVP compared to the standard management and historical AIC data