Immunogenicity

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare immune responses to different influenza vaccine formulations in older adults and to understand how immune aging and repeated annual influenza vaccination affect these responses. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do standard dose, MF59 adjuvanted, and high dose influenza vaccines produce different immune responses in adults aged 65 years or older? * How does immune aging affect responses to different influenza vaccine formulations? * How do immune responses change with repeated annual influenza vaccination, and do these changes differ among vaccine formulations? Researchers will compare older adults who receive a standard dose, MF59 adjuvanted, or high dose influenza vaccine. Younger adults aged 19-49 years who receive a standard dose influenza vaccine will also be included as a reference group to help evaluate age related differences in immune responses. Participants will: * Receive an influenza vaccine. * Provide blood samples before and after vaccination to measure antibody and other immune responses. * Some participants will provide additional blood or nasal samples for more detailed evaluation of immune responses.

This randomized controlled trial evaluates and compares the immunogenicity of three different influenza vaccine formulations: high-dose trivalent (HD-IIV3), MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent (aIIV4), and standard-dose trivalent (SD-IIV3) vaccines. The study population consists of patients with hematologic malignancies, including those undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation or CAR-T cell therapy. The primary goal is to identify which vaccine strategy elicits the most robust antibody and T cell-mediated immune responses in this severely immunocompromised population

This study assesses the immunoprevalence (presence of the induced T-cell response across different patients (and thus HLA types) of six prioritized IPX-derived Leishmania antigens, using Good Laboratory Practice-grade soluble Leishmania antigen (GLP-SLA) as a positive control. Longitudinal GLP-SLA stimulation validates its IFN-γ release assay performance to support licensing of a QuantiFERON-like test (Leish-IGRA) for treatment monitoring. IPX-derived Leishmania antigen screening focuses on day 0 and EOT, while GLP-SLA includes all timepoints. Induced T-cell responses by ex vivo stimulation of blood and tissue samples (lesion, bone marrow, or spleen) from patients with cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (two-centre cohort) before and after treatment will be verified. Samples from Ethiopian 'non-infected' healthy volunteers will be included in parallel to differentiate from Leishmania antigen-specific versus aspecific T-cell activation. The induced T-cell response will mainly be determined by the expressed IFN-γ levels after stimulation. Additional analyses are included to further characterize the activation and cytokine profiles of these IPX-derived Leishmania antigen-specific T-cells, while the breadth of the T-cell response will be determined by mapping the response across different patients (and thus different HLA types).

Phase I, prospective, interventional, open-label, multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the safety of intravitreal PRO-169 through the presence of serum anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) to bevacizumab.