Interoception

This study examines how voluntary fast, deep breathing (hyperventilation) affects the way healthy adults perceive their own body. Participants wear a virtual-reality (VR) headset and see a virtual body; a glowing halo around it either pulses exactly in time with their own breathing or is time-shifted. During the study, breathing, heart activity, blood-oxygen level, the carbon-dioxide content of exhaled air, and brain activity (EEG, measured non-invasively from the scalp) are recorded continuously, and participants complete questionnaires about their experience. The aim is to understand whether and how altered breathing changes the interplay between what people see and what they feel inside their body, and thereby the sense of being located within one's own body. The study uses a 2×2 within-subjects design crossing Breathing (normal vs. hyperventilation) with Visual synchrony (synchronous vs. asynchronous), with the asynchronous and normal-breathing conditions serving as within-subject controls. No medication is administered and no medical device is being tested; the instruments used serve only for monitoring and measurement. Participation involves a screening visit (including a short, \~5-minute guided-hyperventilation tolerance test) and an experimental visit.

Adults living with congenital heart disease (CHD) commonly experience physical symptoms alongside emotional and social challenges, which can affect wellbeing and health-related quality of life. Access to psychological services varies, and evidence to guide the development and delivery of psychological interventions for this population is still emerging. Interoceptive-based approaches focus on increasing awareness of and responding adaptively to internal bodily sensations, such as breathing, heart rate and fatigue. These approaches have shown benefits in other long-term health conditions but have not yet been studied in adults with CHD. This study will evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a newly adapted online, skills-based group programme for adults with CHD. Thirty-two participants will be recruited through the Scottish Adult Congenital Cardiac Service and randomly allocated to one of two cohorts: Cohort 1 (Immediate Intervention) and Cohort 2 (Delayed/Waitlist Intervention). The group programme will consist of eight online sessions delivered by a Principal Clinical Psychologist and a Trainee Clinical Psychologist. Weekly sessions will explore the relationship between interoception and key areas relevant to living with CHD, including emotions, behaviours, and physical symptoms. Group discussions and exercises will focus on increasing awareness and understanding of internal bodily sensations, developing strategies for responding to interoceptive cues and using bodily information to guide behaviours and everyday activities. Participants will complete online questionnaires before and after the intervention assessing interoception, anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life. Participants will also provide feedback regarding the acceptability and perceived usefulness of the programme. Participation is voluntary, and participants may withdraw at any time without affecting their clinical care. Appropriate emotional support will be available should participants experience distress related to the group materials or discussions. Findings from this feasibility randomised controlled trial will inform further refinement of the group programme, assess the acceptability and feasibility of study procedures, provide estimates of recruitment, retention and outcome variability, and support the design and sample size calculation of a future definitive trial. The findings may also contribute to the enhancement of psychological support for adults with CHD and be disseminated through scientific publications and conference presentations.

The proposed study utilizes a randomized experimental therapeutics design to test a mechanistic framework linking interoceptive processing and disturbed body image, with the purpose of informing the development of future therapies for body image dissatisfaction in anorexia nervosa (AN). A sample of 102 participants will be recruited from the Laureate Eating Disorder Program (LEDP). After being randomized, participants will all receive a one-hour session of acceptance- and mindfulness-based training with a therapist (the introduction session). They will then receive either the interoceptively focused treatment (IFT) or exteroceptively focused treatment (EFT) condition based on randomization. In the IFT condition participants will engage in floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy) while practicing acceptance and mindfulness-based principles. The EFT condition is an exteroceptive intervention in which participants will be asked to view pre-recorded videos of acceptance and mindfulness-based skills to aid in the practice of these skills. Each condition will consist of one introduction session and three experimental sessions. All participants will then return for follow-up measures. Assessed outcomes will include acute changes in body image disturbance (BID) and interoception. Further, longitudinal intervention effects on self-reported eating disorder symptoms, body image dissatisfaction, and interoception; behavioral measures of interoception and body image dissatisfaction; and resting state and interoceptive functioning during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be explored.

Nature exposure has been found to be particularly beneficial for body image, as recent studies have identified a positive association between time spent in nature and positive body image. Positive body image, defined as the ability to accept and respect one's body, has been linked to greater life satisfaction and engagement in healthy behaviors. Conversely, negative body image is recognized as a public health concern due to its detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. It has been associated with symptoms of Body Image Disorders (BIDs), including Eating Disorders (EDs) and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). The Nature for Body Image (NBI) project aimed to examine the impact of a structured nature exposure intervention on improving body image among young women aged 18-35 years.

Background Pulmonary hypertension is a rare and incurable condition characterised by fatigue and breathlessness. The effects of pulmonary hypertension has a significant impact on an individual's emotional wellbeing and there are currently no established psychological interventions to improve this. Interoception is defined as the ability to perceive the internal state of the body and emerging research suggests that interventions to improve interoception can improve well-being. Aims The project aims to develop an interoceptive based intervention for those with pulmonary hypertension and examine the feasibility and acceptability of this. Additional aims are to explore the preliminary results of the intervention. Methods A randomised control feasibility trial will be used. Thirty-two participants will be included. Participants will be patients within the Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and randomly assigned to either the intervention or control (waitlist) group. The intervention will be an eight-session online group and participants will complete measures for interoception, anxiety, depression, health related quality of life, as well as a feasibility and acceptability questionnaire. Quantitative analysis will include descriptive statistics and T-tests (including non-parametric versions) to analyse the feasibility and gain a preliminary understanding of the intervention. Practical Applications It is hoped that the findings will identify a sample size for a larger trial whilst also informing future clinical practice. This project will be written up for a suitable journal and will be presented at an appropriate conference.