Major Depressive Episode (MDE)

This is a prospective observational biomarker study assessing changes in clinical, behavioral, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological measurer following ketamine/esketamine or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adults with suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

People in good health do not perceive the future in the same way as those suffering from depression. This difference in perception affects behaviour and emotions and warrants further investigation, both before and after treatment with antidepressants. Research shows that past negative experiences with medication can reduce the effectiveness of treatment, whilst positive expectations can increase it. It is important to gain a better understanding of how antidepressants influence the way in which elderly people with major depressive disorder (MDD) change their beliefs, and to determine whether an improvement in their depressive symptoms is linked to these changes in their beliefs. This study aims to understand whether antidepressants can alter the way people view the future and whether this contributes to their effectiveness. It also seeks to determine whether patients' expectations regarding treatment influence clinical outcomes, and whether changes in their mood may in turn affect these expectations. The study will involve 31 patients aged 65 and over who are suffering from a depressive disorder and require a change of antidepressant, and 31 healthy subjects, also aged 65 and over. The participants' involvement will last for 12 weeks. During a medical consultation, once the doctor has checked that the participant meet all the study's eligibility criteria, they will ask for the participant consent to take part in the study. The participant will then be asked to answer one question about what you hope to gain from the new antidepressant treatment that the doctor will prescribe for the participant. Finally, the participant will carry out a belief-updating exercise, which involves : presenting the participant with a series of events and ask them to indicate how likely they think each of them is to occur, and then. Once they have received further information about these events, ask them to reassess the likelihood of them occurring. This task will be carried out again 12 weeks after the participant start taking their antidepressant, during a consultation required as part of their individual care plan. From the first week of antidepressant treatment until week 12, the participant will be contacted by telephone once a week to answer two short questions about their expectations regarding the treatment and any changes in your mood.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a drug called TNX-102 SL works to treat moderate to severe major depressive disorder in adults. It will also learn about the safety of TNX-102 SL. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does TNX-102 SL improve depression symptoms according to a depression symptom rating scale? What medical problems do participants have when taking TNX-102 SL? Researchers will compare TNX-102 SL to a placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) to see if TNX-102 SL works to treat major depressive disorder. Participants will: Take TNX-102 SL or a placebo every night at bedtime for 6 weeks Visit the clinic once every 2 weeks for checkups and tests

The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview-5th (CIDI-5) is a standardized diagnostic tool used to assess the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders over varying time frames (30 days, 12 months, and lifetime) based on the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10). However, retrospective measurements like the CIDI-5 are susceptible to recall bias, especially for the lifetime experience, which can hinder the reporting accuracy with mental disorders. To mitigate this issue, the life history calendar (LHC) was introduced as an aid to assist respondents in recalling the timing of life events, enhancing the ability of the CIDI-5 to measure the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders. The LHC is a grid structure with columns representing time units and rows representing life domains under study. In a study conducted in Nepal, combining the CIDI-5 with the LHC resulted in a significant increase in the detection of mental disorders compared to using the CIDI-5 alone. This approach did not lead to an increase in false positives after clinical validation. This experiment aims to adapt a Hong Kong version of the LHC based on the Nepalese model and evaluate the effectiveness of the LHC-assisted CIDI-5 (LHC-CIDI-5) compared to the CIDI-5 alone in assessing mental disorders.

Depression is a common complication of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): it is four times more prevalent in people with ASD than in the general population. However, treating depression in people with ASD is complicated by the lack of guidelines. Antidepressants appear to be less effective and less well tolerated than in the general population. rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) is a technique that stimulates the brain in a painless and non-invasive way. This technique is well tolerated and has very few side effects (headaches, fatigue). It is now used routinely in clinical practice to treat resistant depression, with satisfactory results. A few studies using rTMS in depression in people with ASD have shown encouraging results and avenues for improvement. It could therefore be interesting to conduct a therapeutic study with rTMS on depression in people with ASD, following the avenues for improvement proposed by previous studies. The main objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of rTMS in depressed patients with ASD by looking at changes in mood before and after treatment. The investigator will also look at the effects on executive and attentional functions and repetitive behaviors, as well as treatment tolerance.

The goal of this interventional clinical trial is to assess the diagnostic performance of a composite diagnostic medical devise based on blood-based in vitro diagnostic device and Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) in identifying bipolar disorder among adult patients presenting with a current major depressive episode in primary care. The study will compare the results of the medical device diagnostic test to those of standardized psychiatric clinical evaluation, to evaluate its sensitivity, specificity, and overall clinical utility. The main research questions are : * Can the investigational medical device accurately distinguish bipolar disorder from unipolar depression ? * How does its diagnostic accuracy compare with validated psychiatric questionnaires commonly used in clinical practice ? Participants will : * Provide a blood sample for biomarker analysis using the investigational diagnostic device. * Complete a few validated psychiatric assessment tools (e.g., MDQ, MINI). * Share sociodemographic and clinical data relevant to psychiatric evaluation.