Malaria (Plasmodium Falciparum)

The objective is to test the protective effect of permethrin-treated and etofenprox-treated lesus against malaria in young children

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) late liver stage-arresting replication-competent (LARC) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccine (Sanaria® PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine) administered to healthy, malaria-exposed adults by direct venous inoculation (DVI) to determine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). The PfSPZ comprising PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine contain a double deletion of the genes encoding the Mei2 and LINUP proteins, both of which are required for transition from liver to blood stage malaria. As a result, mei2-/linup- parasites undergo developmental arrest in the late liver stages without releasing merozoites into the blood stream. No blood stage parasites are produced, either asexual or sexual, and the parasite life cycle does not progress. CHMI will be performed using PfSPZ Challenge (NF54), composed of PfSPZ that are genetically intact and fully infectious. Because PfSPZ-LARC2 vaccine is also based on the Pf strain NF54, CHMI using PfSPZ Challenge (NF54) is considered homologous to the vaccine. It will be performed 6 weeks after the single administration of PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine or normal saline placebo (with an option to shorten the interval to 4 weeks if logistical issues arise, such as a risk that CHMI follow-up will overlap with the rainy season).

A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of 1, 6, 29-day PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine regimen given at a dose of 2 x10\^5 PfSPZ or placebo in healthy WOCBP, who are on pregnancy prevention during vaccination, but report plans to become pregnant in the near future. Participants will be randomized into two arms. Arm 1: (n= 150) will receive 3 doses of PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine (2x10\^5 PfSPZ) via direct venous inoculation (DVI) at 1, 6, 29 days. Arm 2: (n= 150) will receive 3 doses of normal saline (placebo) injection via DVI at 1, 6, 29 days. All volunteers will receive antimalarial treatment with artemether/lumefantrine (AL) \~2 to 4 weeks prior to 1st (study day -14 to -28) and \~2 weeks prior to 3rd injection (study day 44). Participants will be monitored for safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and malaria infection during the follow-up period. Participants will also be monitored closely for pregnancy as well post 3rd injection through the entire planned study duration (2 years post dose 1). If pregnant, women will be followed during the course of their pregnancy and for at least 1 year post-delivery (as well as their offspring) for safety and malaria infection. Malaria infections in participants and their offspring will be classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic (clinical cases).

This study is investigating an innovative approach to treating uncomplicated malaria by adding a drug called Imatinib to the current standard of care, Artemether + Lumefantrine (AL). The researchers hope this combination, known as ALIM, will clear infections faster and stop the spread of drug-resistant parasites that are becoming a major threat in Africa

This is a phase 2 clinical trial of a Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) late liver stage-arresting replication-competent (LARC) sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine (Sanaria® PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine) that will assess field efficacy in Africa. The PfSPZ comprising PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine contain a double deletion of the genes encoding the Mei2 and LINUP proteins, both of which are required for transition from liver to blood stage malaria. As a result, mei2-/linup- parasites undergo developmental arrest in the late liver stages without releasing merozoites into the blood stream. No blood stage parasites are produced, either asexual or sexual, and the parasite life cycle does not progress. Because Pf parasites with the LARC phenotype replicate in the liver before disintegrating, they amplify and diversify parasite protein expression and are expected to be a potent immunogen to induce anti-malarial immunity, equaling or exceeding the potency and efficacy of the replication-competent chemo-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ-CVac (chloroquine) vaccine approach. Because the parasites are intrinsically attenuated, they are expected to be safe and well tolerated, similar to radiation-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine, to the replication deficient, early arresting PfSPZ-GA1 Vaccine, and to the single-gene(mei2)-deleted GA2 (LARC1) parasites tested at the Leiden University Medical Center that provided 90% protection against CHMI after a single dose. The active treatments to be assessed for efficacy are one immunization of 6.0x10\^5 PfSPZ or two immunizations with 4.0x10\^5 PfSPZ of PfSPZ-LARC2 Vaccine four weeks apart, timed so that the immunization of the one dose regimen coincides with the second immunization of the two dose regimen. The alternative treatment is immunization with normal saline (placebo group), which is indistinguishable from the test article. The primary variable of interest is whether and when trial participants develop Pf malaria parasitemia during surveillance. Malaria parasitemia will be detected by thick blood smear (TBS), which will be performed every two weeks starting two weeks after the second vaccination (to allow time for the vaccine to work) and extending to week 26 after the second vaccination (24-week surveillance period). Surveillance will continue for 40 weeks but the primary outcome will be determined at 24 weeks of surveillance so the data are comparable to other studies of PfSPZ vaccines.

In order to control infections, the investigators must first detect them. Biosensor devices may allow early detection and intervention for infectious diseases, helping the investigators to recognize infections early, and allow for early treatment. This will lower transmission of infections and lower costs for treating someone who becomes ill. This is a study testing whether a wearable device such as a wristband and/or earphones can measure early biologic signals to detect identify infection in prior to seeing symptoms related of a disease. As a first test of this technology, the investigators will expose participants to injectable malaria or placebo. This is called a "Controlled Human Malaria Infection" (CHMI). Everyone who takes part in the CHMI may get malaria infection. The investigators will detect malaria using standard blood tests. The investigators will also look for early symptoms of malaria infection like changes in temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep patterns, and changes in skin and muscle activity or voice. These signals may allow the investigators to detect early malaria infection. This is a study testing whether a wearable device such as a wristband and/or earphones can measure early biologic signals to detect malaria infection before symptoms occur, as confirmed by standard blood testing.

This Phase 1b study will assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK, this measures the levels of study drug in the body) of a single injection of MMV371 in healthy adult and adolescent participants in Rwanda. MMV371 has been designed as a long acting injection (LAI). Protective efficacy (PE) will be assessed as an exploratory endpoint. Protective efficacy measures if participants are protected from becoming ill with malaria whilst the MMV371 is still present in their body. The study will enroll approximately 80 healthy male and female participants, aged 12 to 50 years. Before starting the study participants will be given a standard approved course of artemether lumifantrine (AL) to clear any malaria infection they have. Once the AL course has been completed the study drug will be given by injection in the muscle of the upper arm, the side of the thigh, or the hip. Three out of four participants will receive MMV371 and 1 in four participants will receive placebo. Placebo is a dummy medicine. All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to receive the injection in the upper arm, outer thigh or hip. Neither the participants nor the researchers treating the participants will know who received MMV371 or placebo until after the study is completed. Key study features include: * Study duration for each participant: up to 7 months * MMV371 or placebo given: a single intramuscular (IM) injection * Visit schedule: Participants will remain in-clinic on Days -1-2 (2 overnight stays), followed by 15 follow-up visits: Day 4, then weekly for 1 month, and subsequently every 2 weeks until the End-of-Study (EoS) visit at Week 24. These frequent visits are necessary to monitor safety, the levels of MMV371 in the body, and to perform malaria detection testing until EoS (Week 24).

This trial is a double-blind, randomised, trial recruiting participants from the R21 phase IIb trial (VAC 076) which took place between May 2019 and July 2023 in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. Participants (n=30-40) who have previously received four doses of the 5µg R21/50µg Matrix-M malaria vaccine in VAC 076 will be randomised to receive either 5µg R21/50µg Matrix-M or 10µg R21/50µg Matrix-M. Safety and immunogenicity of a booster at school age at these two different doses will be assessed. Participants will be followed up for one year after the booster.