Oral Cavity

Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract account for around 4% of all malignant tumours worldwide. Colon and liver cancer are the most common digestive cancers. The epidemiology of liver cancer is changing, and the number of deaths from liver cancer has increased by 25% worldwide. In France, around 19,000 cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract and 88,000 new cases of digestive cancer are diagnosed each year (colon cancer remains the most common). Patients with these two types of cancer are at particularly high risk of undernutrition. In cancer patients, changes in diet may result from constraints linked to the cancer or possible after-effects, but also from personal choices (for example, adopting a healthier diet). Cancer and its treatment lead to changes such as increased nutritional requirements and hypercatabolism, or sensory changes (taste and smell), reducing pleasure and food intake. These problems will impair quality of life and intensify undernutrition, a major problem in the management of the disease since it increases the risk of complications, therapeutic failure and mortality. It is estimated that 10-20% of deaths in cancer patients are attributable to the consequences of undernutrition rather than to the disease itself. In the VICAN study, 41% of patients changed their diet after diagnosis: 29% because of changes in taste and 82% to have a healthier diet. These changes were associated with the treatment received, the presence of sequelae and anxiety. Taste and smell disorders are common in different types of cancer (any solid or haematological type) and treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. The mechanisms involved in sensory changes are not fully understood, especially in cancer, and with different types and treatments. Several hypotheses have been proposed: altered expression of enzymes of the oral sphere, altered expression of sensory receptors, saliva composition and function, and impact of the oral microbiota. The early identification of undesirable effects linked to nutrition, and the early or anticipated diagnosis of undernutrition are important issues in the management of cancer patients. The pleasure (or displeasure) produced by food guides desire and eating behaviour. The mechanisms involved are linked to hedonic sensations: conditioned satiety, specific sensory satiety, negative alliesthesia and the reward system (hedonic system). The latter is influenced by the environment and can be consciously controlled, with several dimensions: liking (the patient likes or dislikes a given food) and wanting (evaluates the desire to consume a given food at a given moment). All these parameters, together with sensory and dietary learning throughout life (habits, beliefs and constraints), influence food preferences and therefore eating behaviour. Individual sensitivities and the personal history of the disease (treatment and care pathway, sequelae, presence of co-morbidities, etc.) must therefore be taken into account when setting up preventive actions for cancer patients. It seems important to explore these factors, the experience of patients and the consequences for eating behaviour in daily life, in order to improve support and communication with healthcare professionals, as well as prevention and early detection of undernutrition. It would be interesting to conduct more in-depth studies on nutritional status, quality of life and changes in taste and smell, which in most studies have been considered separately.

The goal of this clinical trial is to assess the safety and tolerability of a virus replicon particle (VRP) encapsulated saRNA encoding IL-12 when injected into in head and neck cancer patients. The main questions being addressed are: The safety and tolerability of intratumoral (IT) injections of VRP-encapsulated saRNA encoding IL-12 (VLPONC-01) The tumor response to IT injections of VLPONC-01 The tumor response due to the combination of IT injections of VLPONC-01 and system IV administration of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) treatment Researchers will compare neoadjuvant pembrolizumab alone to the combination therapy to see if the combination enhances tumor responses.

This Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open-label study evaluates APG-157 in adults with newly diagnosed locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC). Two independently powered cohorts are enrolled based on treatment pathway. Cohort A evaluates APG-157 administered as neoadjuvant therapy before curative-intent surgery in participants with resectable oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer who are medically ineligible for perioperative pembrolizumab. Cohort B evaluates APG-157 administered as induction therapy before definitive chemoradiotherapy and as maintenance therapy after chemoradiotherapy in participants with unresectable or medically inoperable disease. Participants are randomized 1:1 within each cohort to receive APG-157-based treatment or standard-of-care therapy. The primary hypothesis is that APG-157 given before definitive surgery followed by (chemo)radiotherapy improves event-free survival (EFS) compared to surgery and adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy alone (Cohort A), and that APG-157 given as induction therapy prior to definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by maintenance APG-157 improves EFS compared to definitive CRT alone (Cohort B).

In squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, complete surgical resection of the tumor generally represents the primary treatment strategy. Among factors determining the disease prognostic, the surgical margins status is essential for the continued management of the patient, with or without complementary therapies. Generally, surgical margins are defined using visual and tactile elements. Unfortunately, in 15 to 30 percent of cases, they are defined as positive after histopathological examination, on average 5 to 7 days post-surgery. Techniques have recently been developed to analyze the cancerous and non-cancerous nature of tissues, using the spectral properties of tumor cells. SpiderMass™ is an instrument equipped with a probe for tissue micro-sampling and real-time molecular profile analysis. It is thus ultimately a tool for anatomopathological decision support, for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Used in the operating room, SpiderMass™ could also become an innovative surgical tool to precisely define cancerous areas in situ and the margins status in intraoperative conditions. Based on the principle of artificial intelligence, the SpiderMass™ machine must initially learn to recognize pathological tissues versus healthy. This project aims to accomplish this first phase of machine learning for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.