Overall Survival (All-cause Mortality)

This protocol is a retrospective study using the observational data of the the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) screening trial with over 150,000 participants aged 55-74 years to conduct a target trial emulation to examine the association between self-reported exercise and all cause and cause-specific mortality in apparently healthy, middle-aged and older adults. The PLCO includes assessments of participants' exercise level at two timepoints: at randomization into the PLCO trial (Q0) and 5-7 years after randomization into the PLCO (Q1).

Primary liver cancer is a malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of cases. Under the current targeted and immunotherapy-based treatment approaches, the overall survival of patients with advanced HCC has improved significantly compared to targeted therapy alone. However, there are still limitations in therapeutic effectiveness. In addition to the tumor burden, liver reserve function is associated with the prognosis of HCC. Cirrhosis, tumor burden, and anti-tumor treatment can all lead to damage to liver reserve function, which in turn leads to a decrease in patient survival. Currently, there are no specific treatments for deteriorating liver reserve function; only symptomatic treatments such as reducing transaminase levels, bilirubin levels, and blood ammonia levels, as well as diuretics, are available. The indocyanine green(ICG) clearance test allows for precise, dynamic, and quantitative measurement of liver clearance function, making it a commonly used method for assessing liver reserve function in clinical practice.Previous studies have confirmed that its test results are closely related to the prognosis of HCC. Shuganhuazhuo Formula(SHF) is a Chinese herbal medicine used to treat advanced HCC with syndrome of Damp-Heat and Blood stasis. It can inhibit necrosis in the livers of mice in experimental models, reduce fibrosis scores, and demonstrate potential therapeutic effects in protecting the liver, reducing oxidative stress, and preventing fibrosis. This study is an open-label randomized controlled trial. Patients with advanced HCC who are receiving second-line or third-line anti-tumor treatment are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the control group or the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) group. The control group receives anti-tumor treatment as recommended by guidelines, while the TCM group receives additional treatment with SHF. SHF involves decocting traditional Chinese medicine ingredients twice daily. Each time, 150 ml of the decoction is prepared and taken orally half an hour after breakfast and dinner. Treatment lasts for 6 months. During this period, the ICG clearance test is performed every 2 months to assess liver reserve function, and quality of life is also evaluated. After the treatment period, follow-ups on survival and safety are conducted every 3 months. This study aims to evaluate the benefits of the SHF in terms of liver reserve function, overall survival, and quality of life in patients with HCC of the syndrome of Damp-Heat and Blood stasis. It also includes exploratory analyses of differences in biomarker expression during treatment.