Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD)

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common condition that significantly affects young women's quality of life. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) acupoint interventions are widely used for symptom relief; however, standardized fixed-acupoint approaches often overlook individual meridian status variations. This pilot study aims to evaluate the feasibility, preliminary efficacy, and physiological responses of an individualized meridian-guided intervention for primary dysmenorrhea in females aged 18-30. Utilizing non-invasive skin electrical resistance measurements (AETOSCAN) to assess baseline meridian energy status, eligible dysmenorrhea participants will be randomized into two parallel arms: an individualized meridian-guided intervention group and a standardized fixed-acupoint group. Interventions will be administered twice weekly over a 4-week cycle. The primary outcomes focus on changes in pain severity (VAS), menstrual distress scores (MDQ), and objective meridian electrical characteristics.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition characterized by painful menstrual cramps that can negatively affect daily activities and quality of life. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, including Transcutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation (TTNS) and Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS), have shown potential for pain management and modulation of autonomic nervous system function. However, limited evidence exists regarding the comparative and combined effects of these interventions. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the comparative and combined effects of TTNS and taVNS on pain, autonomic function, menstrual symptoms, and NSAID consumption in females with primary dysmenorrhea. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: TTNS, taVNS, combined TTNS + taVNS, or sham stimulation. Outcome measures will be assessed before and after the intervention period by a blinded assessor.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an acupressure band in improving primary dysmenorrhea among college students. Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by cramping lower abdominal pain during menstruation and is often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and headache. It is also one of the leading causes of academic and work absenteeism among women of reproductive age. Previous studies have shown that acupressure applied to the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint can alleviate menstrual pain. In addition, current clinical research has mainly focused on auricular acupressure using Vaccaria seeds, while relatively few studies have explored their application on body acupoints. Therefore, this study focuses on the application of Vaccaria seeds on the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint to evaluate their effects on primary dysmenorrhea. To provide continuous and stable acupoint stimulation, this study utilizes an intervention device combining Vaccaria seeds with a compression band, together with acupressure stimulation. This study adopts a single-blind randomized controlled trial design. A total of 30 participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group (compression band only group). The study consists of four menstrual cycles, including one baseline menstrual cycle followed by three consecutive menstrual cycles of home-based intervention. Outcome measures include the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MEDI-Q) for menstrual-related symptoms and distress, and heart rate variability (HRV), monitored using the ANS Watch as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity. Statistical analyses will be conducted to compare differences between the experimental and control groups, as well as between pre- and post-intervention measurements, in order to evaluate the clinical potential of the acupressure band for primary dysmenorrhea management.

This study will be conducted to assess the effect of Pilates Exercises Versus Gym Exercises On Primary Dysmenorrhea.

This study is looking to test a non-compressive semiconductor embedded body sleeve for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea symptoms. Dysmenorrhea is the lower abdominal pain (sometimes referred to as "cramping") experienced during menstruation (monthly "period"), affecting up to 94% of people aged from 10-20 years old. The semiconductor embedded fabric increases blood circulation through activation of the embedded elements with body heat while worn and releases energy waves as well as negative ions. This energy has an effect inside the body that increases oxygen and nutrient flow to tissues, and can help to decrease pain and inflammation. This study is testing this technology to see if it can be used as a non-pharmacological treatment for menstrual cramping.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if graded motor imagery can reduce pain sensitivity and period pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea (painful periods with no medical cause). The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Is there a decrease in pressure pain threshold (increased pain sensitivity) with graded motor imagery? 2. Is the intensity of menstrual pain reduced by graded motor imagery? 3. Is GMI helpful to reduce menstrual symptoms and pain catastrophizing (negative thinking about pain)? Researchers will compare full GMI (active intervention), a sham GMI(inactive intervention), and a wait-list (no intervention) to see if GMI works better than the alternatives. Participants will: 1. Take part in a 6-week graded motor imagery program, sham program, or no intervention control. 2. Do laterality recognition, motor imagery, and mirror therapy exercises in the graded motor imagery group. 3. Complete pain and symptom assessments before and after the program, and again at follow-up.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent condition among young women and is associated with significant pain, reduced quality of life, and academic absenteeism. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used, many women seek non-pharmacological alternatives due to limited effectiveness or adverse effects. Emerging evidence suggests that altered pelvic neurodynamics may contribute to dysmenorrheic pain. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of external pelvic nerve mobilization in reducing menstrual pain and associated symptoms among university women with primary dysmenorrhea. Participants aged 18-30 years will be randomly allocated to receive either external pelvic nerve mobilization or a sham manual therapy intervention across three consecutive menstrual cycles. Outcomes will include pain intensity, menstrual distress, quality of life, pelvic tenderness, analgesic consumption, and academic absenteeism.

This study was planned to determine the effect of yoga training on reducing nausea and pain symptoms in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. As a result of this study, evaluating the extent to which women with dysmenorrhea experience pain and nausea and the extent to which yoga has a positive effect on these symptoms may shed light on women experiencing these symptoms and developments in the literature, and may increase the use of non-pharmacological approaches. The results of the study will contribute to the literature on dysmenorrhea, one of the important gynecological problems in women. In addition, although there are many results in the literature on the effectiveness of yoga in the management of nausea symptoms with cancer patients, there are not many studies on nausea on dysmenorrhea. In this respect, it will provide important evidence to the literature.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of two traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas, Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) and Cuscuta Chinensis (Tu Si Zi), in treating primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Primary dysmenorrhea, a common condition characterized by painful menstrual cramps, affects many women of reproductive age and significantly impacts their quality of life. Conventional treatments, such as NSAIDs and oral contraceptives, often have limited efficacy or side effects, underscoring the need for alternative therapeutic options. In this randomized, double-blind study, participants will be divided into four groups: DSS, Tu Si Zi, a combination of DSS and Tu Si Zi, and a placebo group. The study will measure treatment outcomes using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ), which captures physical and emotional symptoms. Additionally, TCM-based tools like pulse diagnosis and constitution questionnaires will be employed to explore personalized treatment strategies. This research seeks to determine whether these TCM formulas can alleviate pain and improve other menstrual symptoms, potentially providing broader benefits than conventional painkillers. The findings aim to support evidence-based integration of TCM in managing dysmenorrhea and inform clinicians and patients about effective therapeutic choices.