Thoracoscopic Lobectomy

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in Scotland and the UK. Surgery, typically using a keyhole approach, provides the best chance of cure. Golden Jubilee National Hospital performs over 600 operations each year, making this the busiest lung surgery department in the country. Unfortunately, some patients suffer disabling breathlessness and a limited ability to perform even very gentle exercise after surgery, even if they had no breathing problems before surgery. Understanding the causes and preventing this breathlessness is the focus of this research. Despite advances in techniques, lung cancer surgery can result in long-term weakening of the muscular chamber of the right (-hand side of the) heart which pumps blood to the lungs. During surgery, the pressure against which this pump works increases, making it more difficult to push blood into the lungs. Even after surgery, when the pressure returns to normal, the right heart can remain weak. This weakening can contribute to breathlessness and exercise limitation. Preventing or reducing this right heart weakening may improve quality of life after surgery. The investigators are interested in understanding why this weakening occurs after lung surgery and then to develop treatments to prevent it. The answer may lie in reversing the high resistance against which the heart pumps during surgery. Ultimately, the aim is to improve patients' recovery from surgery and improve both breathing and the ability to exercise. This problem may be treatable with existing drugs which are proven to be safe, easy to deliver and are already available. These drugs can be given around the time of surgery. This study will not involve administering new treatments, though future clinical trial(s) are anticipated. Participants' care will be the same as is usually provided. Participants taking part will undergo more tests and monitoring than usual to help understand the changes taking place during and after surgery. Before a drug trial to test this idea, there are some key things to clarify . This study plans to recruit 15 participants having keyhole lung cancer surgery. The following will be performed: * Blood Tests: blood samples before and after surgery to check for heart injury. * Heart monitoring: temporarily insert a thin tube called a right heart catheter into a large blood vessel in the participants' neck the morning of surgery. This will allow continuous measurement of the pressure in the right heart and lung blood vessels. This will help design and deliver treatments, and how best to measure the effects. This heart catheter will be removed the day after surgery. * Heart scans: perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans before and after surgery to measure blood flow and examine the impact of surgery on the heart.

I. Research purpose 1.1 Main Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine liposome thoracic paravertebral nerve block for postoperative analgesia after thoracoscopic lobectomy 1.2 Exploratory Objective: To investigate the noninferiority of bupivacaine liposomes in thoracic paravertebral nerve block with standard bupivacaine

Background: During thoracoscopic lobectomy in elderly patients, one-lung ventilation (OLV) is a common procedure. However, this process is prone to cause hypoxemia and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), which seriously affect the postoperative recovery and prognosis of patients. At present, there is still a need for further exploration and optimization of effective anesthetic drugs and regimens to improve intraoperative oxygenation and reduce the occurrence of POCD in such patients. Remimazolam besylate, as a novel anesthetic drug, has not yet had its advantages in thoracoscopic surgery in elderly patients fully clarified. This study is conducted to explore its effects on oxygenation and postoperative cognitive function in this specific surgical setting, so as to provide new references for clinical drug use and improve the perioperative management and postoperative outcomes of elderly patients. Objective:To mainly investigate the effects of remimazolam besylate on oxygenation and intrapulmonary shunting during one-lung ventilation in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery, as well as its impact on postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Research Content:The research content includes the observation and evaluation of oxygenation index, shunt fraction, cognitive function status, intraoperative conditions (such as OLV duration, blood loss, etc.),hemodynamic indicators, blood gas analysis indicators, serum indicators, and postoperative recovery status (such as postoperative sedation, pain, adverse reactions, pulmonary complications, hospital stay duration, etc.) in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy. Research Methods: Study Design: A randomized controlled study will be adopted. Case Selection: Inclusion Criteria: Patients aged 65-75 years old, with a BMI of 18-30 kg/m², ASA classification of I-III, no contraindications to related drugs, and consent from the patient and their family to participate in the study and sign the informed consent form, who are scheduled for thoracoscopic surgery under general anesthesia at the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from December 2024 to December 2025, will be selected. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with severe arrhythmias, preoperative respiratory tract infections, central nervous system diseases, hepatic or renal insufficiency, immune system diseases, a history of preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy, communication barriers, etc., will be excluded. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with OLV duration less than 60 minutes or conversion to thoracotomy, intraoperative blood loss greater than 1000 ml, and those transferred to the ICU after surgery will be excluded. Grouping and Anesthesia Methods: Patients will be randomly divided into three groups: Remimazolam Group (R Group), Propofol Group (P Group), and Remimazolam Combined with Propofol Group (C Group), with 50 cases in each group. After anesthesia induction, the three groups will be maintained with different drugs and doses until 10 minutes before the end of the surgery, while remifentanil will be combined, and the infusion rate of the drugs will be adjusted according to the BIS value. Data Collection: Detailed records will be kept of the patient's general information, intraoperative conditions, perioperative cardiovascular reactions, blood gas analysis indicators, serum indicators, as well as postoperative cognitive function assessment, sedation and pain assessment, adverse reactions, and complications. Sample Size Calculation: Based on the oxygenation index at 60 minutes of OLV, which is the primary endpoint, and in combination with relevant literature and statistical requirements, the sample size for each group is calculated to be 58. Considering the dropout and withdrawal rates, the final sample size for each group is determined to be 70. Statistical Analysis: SPSS 27.0 software will be used. Normal distribution measurement data, non-normal distribution measurement data, and count data will be analyzed using independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method, respectively. A P value less than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Technical and Feasibility Assurance: Relying on the clinical resources and technical platform of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, as well as the research team's proficiency in thoracic anesthesia techniques and the operation of related equipment, the smooth conduct of the study will be ensured.

The goal of this clinical trial is to measure the median effective dose of oxycodone for the treatment of acute pain after thoracoscopic lobectomy. This clinical trial was divided into two groups based on age, Group I (Age \< 65 years old) and Group II (Age ≥65 years old). We used the sequential allocation designed by Dixon. The initial oxycodone dose was set to 0.1 mg/kg.A satisfactory or an unsatisfactory analgesic response of the previous patient determined, respectively, the relative 10% decrease or increase in the dose of oxycodone the next patient received in the same group. The patient before the first crossover point was included as the first case for ED50 estimation in each group.The study was conducted until 7 crossover points were collected