Clinical trials

Analgesic management in thoracic surgery presents a particular challenge for the anesthesiologist, given the intensity of postoperative pain associated with thoracotomy, a surgical procedure that can impact respiratory function and the patient's subsequent recovery. Epidural analgesia is the gold standard. When epidural catheter placement is not feasible, erector spinae plane block is a safe alternative. The ultrasound target is easily visualized, and the injection site is far from the neuraxis, pleura, and major vascular structures. Consequently, this block has been incorporated into standard clinical practice as a treatment option for patients with complex cases or as an alternative approach when epidural catheter placement is not feasible. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery. Study Population Design A prospective observational follow-up study will be conducted. ASA I-III patients undergoing scheduled thoracic surgery between November 1 and December 31, 2025, will be included. Their analgesic management will be based on standard clinical practice.

In critically ill patients, appropriate fluid administration is one of the cornerstones of hemodynamic management, as both hypovolemia and fluid overload can negatively impact clinical outcomes. For years, fluid responsiveness-defined as an increase in cardiac output following volume administration-has guided decision-making in the postoperative ICU. However, fluid responsiveness alone does not guarantee fluid tolerance, which refers to the venous system's ability to accommodate volume without developing venous congestion or adverse effects such as pulmonary edema, renal or hepatic dysfunction. The tidal volume challenge (TVC)-which consists of a transient increase in tidal volume from 6 to 8 mL/kg-has been shown to predict fluid responsiveness by enhancing the hemodynamic interaction between the heart and lungs during the cardiac cycle, as measured through dynamic arterial indices such as pulse pressure variation (PPV) or stroke volume variation (SVV). However, these indices do not provide information about fluid tolerance or the state of venous congestion. Doppler ultrasound of the portal vein, specifically the portal pulsatility index (which under normal conditions presents as a continuous waveform due to the damping effects of the hepatic parenchyma and venous compliance), has been proposed as a non-invasive marker of systemic venous congestion. Studies have shown that an increase in the portal pulsatility index following volume loading may indicate the development of venous congestion and, therefore, poor fluid tolerance. Since the tidal volume challenge transiently increases intrathoracic pressure and allows dynamic evaluation of cardiovascular responses, we propose that this interaction be assessed not only through arterial dynamic indices (which assess responsiveness) but also through changes in venous flow patterns-specifically, variations in portal pulsatility-so that both fluid responsiveness and tolerance can be predicted with the same test.