This study will be conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic exercises versus sub occipital Myofascial release on memory functions in females with premenstrual syndrome.
Their age ranged from 18 to 30 years old.
Their body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.5 - 30 kg/cm2.
Any medications that can affect central nervous system or memory function.
Any neurological disorders affect their memory function.
Pregnant women.
Daily smokers.
Parallel
Aerobic exercise
Other interventionA moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session on a treadmill consists of three phases: warm-up, active phase, and cool-down. The warm-up lasts 5-10 minutes and involves walking at minimum speed (2.0 - 3.0 km/h) with a slight incline (1 -2%) or as tolerated. The active phase, lasting 20-30 minutes, maintains a brisk walking or light jogging pace with moderate speed (4.5-6.5 km/h) or as tolerated. This phase can include steady-state jogging or intervals of walking and jogging to sustain cardiovascular engagement. Finally, the cool-down phase lasts 5-10 minutes, where the speed is gradually reduced to 2.0 - 3.0 km/h, allowing the heart rate to decrease safely.
Sub occipital myofascial release
Other interventionThe patient will be asked to take a supine position, and a pillow will be placed under the patient's head for comfort until starting the procedure, the patient will be instructed to be relaxed, then the therapist will sit at the head of the bed and will place both hands underneath the patient's head in the occipital region. The therapist should then feel for the occipital ridge along the scalp and move the hands slightly caudal until the muscle is felt. The therapist then will flex the fingers upward against the suboccipital muscles and this position will be hold for 3 to 5 minutes or until significant muscle tension will be released.
Memory function
Assessment of memory function will be done by the free recall test. The word list will contain 10 words selected randomly. These words would be administered to the patient one by one with interval time 1 second between each word with total words presentation time 10 seconds. The presentation of these words will be though a digital screen using a designed video showing these words arranged in order with a fixed interval 1 second between each word. The patient will be instructed immediately to recall these words verbally at any order. The total score is 10 and one point will be accounted for each word will be recalled correctly
Prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ)
It will be used to assess memory functions. The measure consists of 16 individual items. The Structure of the PRMQ consists of 16 Items total , each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1 = Never , 2 = Rarely , 3 = Sometimes , 4 = Often , 5 = Very Often). These 16 items, evenly divided into 8 prospective memory items and 8 retrospective memory items. Each item describes a common memory lapse, giving a high score to an item means a high memory deficits at that item. The total score ranges from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating a greater frequency of memory lapse and deficit.
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a widely used self-report instrument developed to to assess the degree to which individuals perceive situations in their lives as stressful during the previous month. The most commonly used version, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), consists of 10 questions rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Participants complete the questionnaire independently, the total score is obtained by summing the responses to all items, resulting in a score ranging from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. Although there are no universally accepted cut-off values, scores of 0-13 are generally considered to indicate low perceived stress, 14-26 moderate perceived stress, and 27-40 high perceived stress.
Cervical pain intensity
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess pain intensity. It is a simple, valid, and reliable self-report instrument widely used to assess the intensity of subjective symptoms such as pain, stress, fatigue, and mood. It consists of a 10-cm horizontal line with two endpoints representing the extremes of the symptom being measured (e.g., "no pain" at one end and "worst imaginable pain" at the other). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line at the point that best represents the intensity of their current symptom. The score is determined by measuring the distance in millimeters or centimeters from the left endpoint to the participant's mark, yielding a value ranging from 0 to 100 mm (or 0-10 cm), with higher scores indicating greater symptom intensity.
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