This observational cross-sectional study aims to assess the prevalence of apical periodontitis in diabetic and non-diabetic adult Egyptian patients and to evaluate its association with glycemic control measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Participants will undergo clinical examination, digital panoramic radiographic assessment, and HbA1c measurement.
Adult Egyptian males and females
21 years or older
At least 8 teeth present
Willing to undergo clinical and radiographic examination, HbA1c measurement, -Willing to provide informed consent.
Participants younger than 21 years
fewer than 8 teeth
Those who refuse clinical or radiographic examination
Patients with systemic diseases other than diabetes that may affect oral or periapical health.
Adult Egyptian male and female patients aged 21 years or older with at least 8 teeth, recruited from outpatient dental clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University and the Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Cairo, Egypt. Participants will be classified into diabetic and non-diabetic groups based on their measured HbA1c levels.
Other
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Prevalence of apical periodontitis
Presence or absence of apical periodontitis assessed by digital panoramic radiographic examination using binary scoring based on the presence of periapical radiolucency.
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