The main questions this study aims to answer are:
Can low-intensity FUS neuromodulation be safely and feasibly administered to the bilateral central thalamus in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC)? Does FUS neuromodulation result in short-term improvements in arousal or behavioral responsiveness? Does FUS neuromodulation produce measurable changes in neural activity on EEG and/or fMRI?
Participants will:
Receive two sessions of low-intensity FUS neuromodulation, spaced four weeks apart, plus or minus one week.
Undergo pre- and post-treatment assessments, including planning CT, MRI/fMRI, EEG, and standardized clinical scales such as the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
Be continuously monitored for safety during and after each FUS treatment. Complete follow-up imaging and clinical assessments approximately 2 weeks after each FUS session, 12 weeks after the second treatment, and at 12 months post-injury when clinically feasible.
Diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, or other acute brain injury.
Glasgow coma scale below 13 when off sedation, or on minimal sedation.
Absence of another better explanation for the depressed level of consciousness (e.g,, metabolic abnormality, seizures)
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is within a normal range (< 20 cm H2O), or, a neurosurgeon associated with the study and/or the treating physician agree that ICP is likely < 20 cm H2O based on clinical and neuroimaging information (acknowledging the limitations of non-invasive assessment of ICP53).
Active seizure activity or post-anoxic myoclonus at the time of proposed treatment
Taking full anti-coagulation medication (does not include deep-vein-thrombosis chemoprophylaxis)
Skull anatomy incompatible with safe FUS delivery (as determined by CT)
Medical instability that would preclude safe transport or prolonged supine positioning