The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if community-based exercise training can benefit patients aged 18 to 85 with diminished cardiovascular and pulmonary function. The main aim of this study is:
• Establish a community or home-based fitness training program for patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency to improve adherence, safety, and efficacy while alleviating the burden on both patients and society.
Researchers will compare community-based exercise training to non-exercise training to see if community-based exercise training works to improve cardiovascular and pulmonary function.
Participants will:
* Engage in community or home exercise training for 40-60 minutes, five times weekly, during a duration of eight weeks. Exercise modalities are primarily determined by the patients' individual preferences and habits, such as brisk walking, running, swimming, cycling, and hiking. * Adjust the exercise intensity according to their cardiopulmonary exercise test and the person's perceived exertion level. * Utilize fitness bracelets or watches to document statistics during workouts and submit them to the experimenter weekly, covering the five days of exercise within that week. * refrain from making any dietary modifications throughout the trial.
Patients aged 18 to 85 with abnormal pulmonary or cardiovascular function.
Individuals who have completed a medical screening form to confirm they are free from illnesses and prescription medications that could impair their ability to complete the required testing and fitness training.
Participants who did not engage in structured, systematic moderate-to-intense strength or endurance training during the study period (specifically, not within the previous year).
At the onset of the trial, participants were physically active but had never participated in formal exercise more than twice a week.
Patients with neuromuscular or skeletal disorders, or systemic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, or heart disease.
Individuals using medications known to affect health or the interpretation of study results.
Participants who have engaged in organized, systematic endurance or strength training of moderate to high intensity within the past year.
Patients who decline to participate in the study.
Parallel
community-based exercise training
BehavioralThe patients will engage in 40-60 minutes of exercise training, either at home or in the community, five times a week, for eight weeks. Brisk walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, and trekking were among the exercise modalities that were chosen mostly based on the patient's individual preferences and habits. To guarantee safe and efficient exercise, exercise intensity was modified based on each person's subjective effort level and the results of their individual cardiorespiratory exercise tests.
exercise capacity
Peak oxygen uptake (peakVO₂, ml/(kg·min)), measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), refers to the maximum rate of oxygen consumption per unit time during exhaustive incremental exercise. It serves as a key indicator of cardiopulmonary function and aerobic metabolic capacity.
exercise capacity
Anaerobic Threshold (AT, mmol/L) is a key physiological parameter in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), representing the transition point from predominantly aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during incremental exercise. It is determined by measuring blood lactate concentration through serial blood sampling and plotting the lactate-exercise intensity curve.
life quality
The Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) was administered, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 across its eight subscales. Higher scores reflect superior health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Other exercise capacity outcome
Exercise time
Other exercise capacity outcome
The 6-minute walk distance (6MWD, m) , obtained through the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), refers to the maximum distance a patient can walk at their fastest pace on a flat, hard surface within 6 minutes. It is used to evaluate an individual's functional exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary endurance.
Other exercise capacity outcome
Ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT, mL/(kg·min)) , a key physiological parameter in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), is determined by synchronously monitoring ventilatory parameters during incremental exercise (treadmill/cycle ergometer) and plotting the ventilation-intensity curve. It marks the transition point from predominantly aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during graded exercise.
Other exercise capacity outcome
Ventilation/carbon dioxide (VE/VCO₂, mL/(kg·min)) slope, a key parameter for assessing ventilatory efficiency in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), is defined as the linear regression slope of minute ventilation (VE) against carbon dioxide output (VCO₂), reflecting the volume of ventilation required to eliminate 1 liter of CO₂ during exercise.
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