older adults with mild and moderate cognitive impairment. compare immediate vs progressive standing dual-task training. assess balance, cognition, executive function, mobility, and quality of life.
Age ≥55 years
Mild or moderate cognitive impairment
MoCA 10-25
MMSE 10-23
Severe cognitive impairment
Severe sensory or musculoskeletal impairments
Unstable medical conditions
Participation in another intervention study
Parallel
Immediate standing dual task training
Other interventionMotor-cognitive dual-task training is a rehabilitation intervention delivered by a physiotherapist over 8 weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes. Every session consists of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-35 minutes of dual-task training, and a 5-minute cool-down. It simultaneously combines motor and cognitive tasks. Motor components include marching in place, finger tapping, hand transfer activities, side stepping, weight shifting, heel raises, heel-toe stepping, and balance challenges. Cognitive components include naming animals or fruits, counting forward, and months, serial subtraction by threes, backward digit span, alternate naming, and word recall. Participants allocated to the Immediate Standing intervention perform all dual-task activities in standing from the first treatment session.
progressive standing dual task training
Other interventionMotor-cognitive dual-task training is a rehabilitation intervention delivered by a physiotherapist over 8 weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes. Every session consists of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-35 minutes of dual-task training, and a 5-minute cool-down. It simultaneously combines motor and cognitive tasks. Motor components include marching in place, finger tapping, hand transfer activities, side stepping, weight shifting, heel raises, heel-toe stepping, and balance challenges. Cognitive components include naming animals or fruits, counting forward, and months, serial subtraction by threes, backward digit span, alternate naming, and word recall. Participants allocated to the Progressive Standing intervention initially perform dual-task activities sitting and progressively transition to standing during the intervention period.
Mini-Mental State Examination
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a 30-point measure of global cognitive function. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function
Berg Balance Scale
The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a 14-item clinical measure of static and dynamic balance. Total scores range from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating better balance performance.
Timed Up and Go
The Timed Up and Go Test measures functional mobility. The outcome is the time (seconds) required to stand from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, return, and sit. Lower completion times indicate better mobility.
Trail Making Test
The Trail Making Test Part assesses executive function and cognitive flexibility. The outcome is the time (seconds) required to complete the test. Lower completion times indicate better executive function.
Quality of Life in Alzhiemer's Disease Scale
The Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) questionnaire consists of 13 items, with total scores ranging from 13 to 52. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.
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