Complementary Feeding Education & Fathers

Karitane Parenting Self Confidence Scale

The Karitane Parenting Self-Confidence Scale (KPSCS), developed by Crncec et al. in 2008 and adapted into Turkish by Yılmaz and Oskay in 2021, is a 15-item scale designed to assess parenting self-efficacy in parents of infants aged 0-12 months. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (No, not at all) to 3 (Yes, very often). Higher total scores indicate greater parenting self-efficacy.

Paternal-infant attachment scale

The Father-Infant Bonding Scale (FIB Scale), developed by Condon et al. in 2008 and adapted into Turkish by Güleç et al. in 2010, is a 19-item scale designed to measure the strength of the father-infant bond. The scale consists of three subscales: patience and tolerance, enjoyment of interaction, and love and pride. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The scale includes reverse-scored items (items 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16). Higher total scores indicate a stronger father-infant bond.

The Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scale

The Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS), developed by Crist and colleagues and adapted into Turkish by Önal and colleagues, is a 35-item scale. The scale primarily focuses on the child's feeding behavior, with 25 items specifically addressing the child's feeding status. The Turkish adaptation study concentrated solely on these 25 items. Items on the scale are rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Among the 25 items related to children, 6 are positively worded (items 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, and 16) while 19 are negatively worded. Positively worded items are scored in reverse. The minimum possible score on the BPFAS is 35, and the maximum is 175. Higher scores indicate more severe feeding problems and habits. The scale includes four items related to specific feeding difficulties: 'Food selectivity', 'Early food refusal', 'Early refusal of textured foods', and 'Late food refusal'

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Item Scale (GAD-7), developed by Spitzer et al. in 2006 and adapted into Turkish by Konkan et al. in 2011, is a 7-item, 4-point Likert scale designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) over the past two weeks. Cut-off scores of 5, 10, and 15 represent mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively. When a total score cutoff of 10 is used, the scale demonstrates a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 82% for diagnosing GAD.

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), adapted into Turkish by Engindeniz, is a 10-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess symptoms of postnatal depression. Responses are scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3, with a total possible score of 30. Items 1, 2, and 4 are scored in a direct manner (0, 1, 2, 3), while items 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are reverse-scored (3, 2, 1, 0). A cutoff score of 13 is commonly used to identify women at risk for postnatal depression. Women scoring 13 or above are considered to be at risk.