This study will evaluate the effectiveness of an evidence-based respiratory and renal care training program combined with case-based discussion on nurses' clinical reasoning, knowledge \& practice, nurse-physician collaboration, as well as selected clinical outcomes among mechanically ventilated patients in a tertiary-level ICU in Bangladesh.
The intervention will provide structured education and practical training to ICU nurses on evidence-based respiratory and renal care for mechanically ventilated patients. Case-based discussions will be conducted to promote clinical reasoning, evidence-based decision-making, and nurse-physician collaboration during daily ICU rounds.
Nurses' outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention, focusing on clinical reasoning, knowledge, practice, and nurse-physician collaboration.
Patient outcomes will be assessed using historical pre-intervention data and post-intervention data among eligible mechanically ventilated ICU patients, focusing on ventilator-associated events (VAE), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality.
The study is intended to determine whether evidence-based respiratory and renal care training with case-based discussion can improve ICU nurses' clinical reasoning, knowledge, practice, nurse-physician collaboration and contribute to improved outcomes among mechanically ventilated patients.
Registered nurses employed in the ICU at the time of enrollment
Involved in direct patient care
Willing to participate and provide informed written consent
Age ≥18 years
Nurses on long-term leave and study leave during the intervention period
Nurses working exclusively in administrative or managerial roles
Nurses who did not complete the pre-test assessment
Patients mechanically ventilated for less than 48 hours.
Sequential
evidence-based respiratory and renal care training with case-based discussion
BehavioralThe intervention will be provided over 2 months period. The evidence-based respiratory and renal care training will address respiratory assessment and monitoring, oxygen therapy and airway care, mechanical ventilation basics and ventilator care bundle practices, sedation, weaning and early mobilization, renal assessment and early detection of AKI based on kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, AKI prevention \& Renal Care Bundle, fluid balance and hemodynamic monitoring, Electrolyte \& Acid-Base Management. During daily ICU rounds, 10-15-minute bedside case discussions will be conducted for each mechanically ventilated ICU patients. An ICU consultant will facilitate the discussion using the ISBAR framework, involving the bedside nurse and other ICU team members. Each discussion will focus on the patient's current clinical condition, respiratory and renal assessment, interpretation of clinical findings, evidence-based care decisions, and appropriate management.
Change in Clinical Reasoning Competency Score
Clinical reasoning will be measured among participating ICU nurses using the 22-item Clinical Reasoning Competency Scale developed by Bae et al. (2023). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), with a total score ranging from 22 to 110. Higher scores indicate greater clinical reasoning competency. The total CRCS score will be assessed at baseline, midline, and endline. Baseline assessment will be conducted before the intervention, midline assessment will be conducted during the intervention period, and endline assessment will be conducted 2 months after completion of the intervention as a post-intervention follow-up. Changes in clinical reasoning competency across the three assessment time points will be evaluated.
Incidence Rate of Ventilator-Associated Events
The incidence rate of ventilator-associated events (VAE) among eligible mechanically ventilated ICU patients will be calculated as the number of VAE cases divided by the total number of ventilator days, multiplied by 1,000. VAE incidence will be compared between the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods.
Change in Knowledge Score
knowledge will be assessed among participating ICU nurses using a 50-item researcher-developed multiple-choice questionnaire. Each correct response will receive one point, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 50. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge. The total knowledge score will be assessed at baseline, midline, and endline. Changes in knowledge across the three assessment time points will be evaluated.
Change in Nurses Practice Score
ICU nurses practice will be assessed among participating ICU nurses using a 40-item practice checklist covering evidence-based respiratory and renal care practices. The total practice score will be calculated according to the predefined scoring procedure, with higher scores indicating better adherence to recommended clinical practices. The practice score will be assessed at baseline, midline, and endline. Changes in nursing practice across the three assessment time points will be evaluated.
Change in Nurse-Physician Collaboration Score
Nurse-physician collaboration will be assessed among participating ICU nurses using the Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale developed by Ushiro (2009).Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = always to 5 = never), with a total score ranging from 27 to 135. Higher scores indicate poorer nurse-physician collaboration. Baseline assessment will be conducted before the intervention, midline assessment immediately after completion of the training intervention, and endline assessment 2 months after completion of the intervention as a post-intervention follow-up. Changes in nurse-physician collaboration across the three assessment time points will be evaluated.
Incidence Rate of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
The incidence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) will be assessed among eligible mechanically ventilated ICU patients. VAP will be identified according to the predefined diagnostic criteria specified in the study protocol. The VAP incidence rate will be calculated as the number of VAP cases divided by the total number of ventilator days, multiplied by 1,000. The incidence rate will be compared between the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods.
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