This study will evaluate whether a school-based counseling program, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS), helps reduce trauma-related symptoms and improve psychological functioning in adolescents in Pakistan who have experienced traumatic events. Students will first be screened to identify those with trauma exposure and related symptoms. Eligible students will receive the CBITS program, delivered at their school by the researcher. Researcher will measure changes in trauma-related symptoms and other psychological outcomes before and after the intervention to determine whether the program is effective for this population.
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cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools
BehavioralParticipants in the intervention group will receive Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS), a manualized, school-based group therapy program for adolescents with trauma-related symptoms. The program includes approximately 10 group sessions (45-60 minutes) covering psychoeducation, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, trauma narrative development, and social problem-solving. Individual sessions may be included to support the trauma narrative component.
Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen 2 (Cats-2) Self-Report (7-17 Years)
The Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen 2 (CATS-2) Self-Report (7-17 Years) is used to assess trauma-related symptoms. Possible scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more posttraumatic stress symptoms
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Youth Version (DASS-Y)
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Youth Version (DASS-Y) was used to assess psychological distress, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 63, where higher scores indicate greater psychological distress
Children's Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI-S)
Children's Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI-S) was used to assess post-trauma appraisals. Possible scores range from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater difficulty in post-traumatic cognitions.
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF)
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF) was used to assess emotion regulation difficulties. Possible scores range from 18 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater difficulty in emotion regulation.
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), was used to assess perceived social support, possible scores range from 1 to 7, high scores indicating greater perceived social support
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