This study aims to evaluate the effects of a beverage containing chamomile and L-theanine on menstrual symptoms, pain intensity, mood, and sleep quality among young adult females with primary dysmenorrhea.
A VAS score of ≥4 cm for the past three consecutive menstrual cycles
Regular monthly menstruation
No history of allergies or psychological/gynecological illnesses
Absence of secondary dysmenorrhea
Pregnant
Breastfeeding
Parallel
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
Dietary supplementParticipants in the intervention group will consume the chamomile with L-theanine (CTT) beverage, which contains 480 mg of chamomile extract and 200 mg of L-theanine.
Chamomile
Dietary supplementA chamomile-flavored beverage
Pain intensity
The pain intensity is assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Participants mark the point on the scale (0 to 10) that best represents the average intensity of their menstrual pain. A higher score on the VAS and NRS indicates greater pain intensity.
Menstrual symptoms
The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) is used to assess the severity of menstrual-related symptoms experienced by participants during their most recent menstrual cycle. Each item in the CMSS is rated on a scale from 0 (not noticeable), 1 (slightly bothersome), 2 (moderately bothersome), 3 (severely bothersome), to 4 (very severely bothersome).
Sleep quality
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is used to assess the sleep quality of participants during the past week. The total PSQI score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality.
Mood
The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is used to assess six mood subscales (vigor, tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion) of participants during the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all), 1 (a little), 2 (moderately), 3 (quite a lot), and 4 (extremely).
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is measured in mmol/L
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