Effects of Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain on Upper Extremity Motor Function, Trunk Control, Fear of Falling, Mobility and Indepence in Activities of Daily Living in Patients With Stroke

Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity

Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an index to assess the sensorimotor impairment in individuals who have had stroke. This scale was first proposed by Axel Fugl-Meyer and his colleagues 1975 as a standardized assessment test for post-stroke recovery in their paper titled "The post-stroke hemiplegic patient: A method for evaluation of physical performance". It is now widely used for clinical assessment of motor function. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity motor assessments for the upper (maximum score 66 points) is recommended as core measures to be used in every stroke recovery and rehabilitation trial. Total score is between 0 and 66 points. Higher scores mean a better outcome.

Brunnstrom Recovery Stages of Upper Extremity and Hand

The Brunnstrom recovery stages are a staging system that shows the motor recovery in patients with stroke. The Brunnstrom Recovery Stages of Upper Extremity and Hand consist of six stages. Higher stages indicate better motor function.

Trunk Impairment Scale

The Trunk Impairment Scale is a validated clinical tool and measured motor impairment of the trunk after stroke, assessing static/dynamic sitting balance and coordination patient with stroke. Total score is between 0 and 23 points. Higher scores mean a better outcome

Falls Efficacy Scale-International

The Falls Efficacy Scale-International is a short, easy to administer tool that measures the level of concern about falling during 16 social and physical activities inside and outside the home whether or not the person actually does the activity. The level of concern is measured on a four-point Likert scale (1=not at all concerned to 4=very concerned). Total score is between 16 and 64 points. Lower scores mean a better outcome.

Ultrasound Shoulder Pathology Rating Scale

The Ultrasound Shoulder Pathology Rating Scale is a scale based on 5 Ultrasound signs; 3 signs are static and 2 are dynamic. The static tests were greater tuberosity cortical surface irregularity, supraspinatus tendinopathy, and bicipital tendinopathy. The dynamic tests were supraspinatus impingement and subscapularis/biceps/coracoid impingement. A simple ordinal rating scale similar to that used for muscle strength testing was applied to each Ultrasound sign based on the amount of pathology present. The maximum possible score for a shoulder was 20, and the minimum was 0. Higher score indicates a more significant or severe pathology.

Ultrasound Assessment of Acromiohumeral Distance

The patient was sitting down and acromiohumeral joint was visualized while the patient's arm was at the side. Then, an image of the bird's beak was obtained by shifting the ultrasound (7 to 15 MHz, Mindray-UMT 200, NJ, United States) probe laterally in the transverse plane, and the linear distance between the humeral head and the acromion was measured.

Shoulder Pain and Disability Index

The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index is a self-administered questionnaire that consists of two dimensions, one for pain and the other for functional activities. The pain dimension consists of five questions regarding the severity of an individual's pain. Functional activities are assessed with eight questions designed to measure the degree of difficulty an individual has with various activities of daily living that require upper-extremity use. The test takes 5 to 10 minutes for a patient to complete and is the only reliable and valid region-specific measure for the shoulder. A score of 0 indicates best 100 indicates worst. A higher score shows more disability.

Visual Analog Scale

The visual analog scale is a validated, subjective measure for acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between "no pain" and "worst pain." Total score is between 0 and 10 points. Lower scores mean a better outcome