This study aims to contribute to the effects of Pilates training on ankle proprioception, postural control, and performance in football players with chronic ankle instability. Eighty eight participants will be randomly allocated into two groups and will receive both Pilates and balance training for eight weeks. it is hypothesized that the group that will receive Pilates taring will produce greater improvements as compared to other group.
History of unilateral ankle sprain in past 12 months
Inability to bear weight post-injury
CAIT score < 24
Minimum of 1-year experience in football
Bilateral ankle sprains
Lower limb fractures or surgeries
Neurological conditions (e.g., MS, CMT, Stroke)
Parallel
Pilates exercises
Other interventionDuration: 8 weeks (3 sessions/week) Session Duration: 60 minutes per session Equipment Used: Yoga mat, resistance bands, Pilates ring, small stability ball, foam roller. Structure of Each Session: Phase Time Activities Warm-Up 10 min Gentle dynamic stretches and mobility exercises (e.g., neck rolls, shoulder circles, hip openers, ankle circles) Core Pilates Training 40 min - Beginner-Intermediate Mat Pilates targeting core, hips, gluts, and lower leg muscles - Sample Exercises: - Pelvic tilts - Hundred - Single-leg stretch - Shoulder bridge with ankle engagement - Side-lying leg circles - Toe taps and leg lifts with ankle focus Cool Down 10 min Static stretching, deep breathing, and relaxation techniques Progression: Exercises will be progressed weekly by: * Increasing repetitions and sets * Reducing support (e.g., double leg to single leg) * Incorporating dynamic and unstable surfaces (foam pads, balance discs)
Balance exercises
Other interventionGroup B: Control Group Duration: 8 weeks (3 sessions/week) Session Duration: 60 minutes per session Equipment Used: Balance board, wobble disc, cones, foam pads, resistance bands. Structure of Each Session: Phase Time Activities Warm-Up 10 min Light jogging, ankle mobility drills, dynamic stretching Balance Training 40 min - Static and Dynamic Balance Drills: - Single-leg stance (eyes open/closed) - Wobble board balancing - Star excursion balance test practice - Tandem walking on a line - Forward/backward hops on one leg - Cone drills with reach tasks and steps up Cool Down 10 min Ankle and lower limb stretching, breathing techniques Progression: * Decrease base of support * Introduce perturbations (e.g., partner tapping) * Dual-task activities (catching, counting, etc.)
Postural control
The YBT has the patient stand on one leg while reaching out in 3 different directions with the other lower extremity. They are anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral. When using the Y-Balance test kit, the 3 reaches yield a "composite reach distance" or composite score used to predict injury.
ankle proprioception
The goniometer was used to measure the ankle proprioception. Testing was performed the way that the person would sit on a chair so that a 90-degree angle of thigh and knee was maintained, and the height of the chair was such that the soles of the individual could not reach the ground. Then the person's foot was positioned with the goniometer in such a way that the eyes of the person were closed. Then the individual foot was inactively taken to the midrange. This angle was 10 degrees for dorsiflexion, 20 degrees for plantar flexion, 15 degrees for inversion and 10 degrees for eversion. Afterwards, the person was asked to actively re-create the desired angle with his closed eye; the test was performed three times, and the mean of three times of the angle of reconstruction determined the individual's score in each of the state.
performance
The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is a self-report outcome instrument developed to assess physical function for individuals with foot and ankle related impairments. This self-report outcome instrument is available in English, German, French and Persian. The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure is a 29-item questionnaire divided into two subscales: The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, 21-item Activities of Daily Living Subscale and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, 8-item Sports Subscale. The Sports subscale assesses more difficult tasks that are essential to sport, it is a population-specific subscale designed for athletes.
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