Effects of TPR and Z Techniques on Pain and Drug Leakage in Intramuscular Injections
Trial statusRecruiting
Trial phaseNot applicable
Trial typeInterventional
Biological sexAll
Age18-40
SponsorCumhuriyet University
About this trial
This randomized, triple-blind clinical trial compares the effectiveness of Z-track and TPR (traction-pressure-release) techniques in reducing pain and medication leakage during ventrogluteal intramuscular injections. Pain is measured using VAS, and leakage is assessed with a millimeter scale. The study aims to identify a more efficient, less painful injection method.
Eligibility criteria
This trial accepts healthy volunteersQualifiers
Aged 16-40
Prescribed diclofenac sodium
No communication impairments
Healthy ventrogluteal muscles without sensory issues
Disqualifiers
Wounds, redness, bruising, tenderness, or stiffness at the injection site
Injection in the past 2 weeks
Neuropathy or other medical conditions
BMI below 15 or above 35
Trial design
Design model
Parallel
Treatments tested in this trial
Z-track method
Other interventionZ-track method, the skin will be pulled laterally by 2.5-3.5 cm before needle insertion at a 90-degree angle. After aspiration and injection, the needle will be withdrawn and the skin released immediately.
TPR method
Other interventionTPR method, while the needle is inserted at a 90-degree angle, deep pressure will be applied to the muscle, then rapidly released to create a snapping motion that facilitates the injection. This technique relies on rapid muscle relaxation rather than needle movement by the dominant hand.
Treatment groups
76 Participants
are divided into 2 treatment groupsGroup A: TPR (traction-pressure-release) techniqueExperimental treatment 1 intervention
Group B: Z-track methodExperimental treatment 1 intervention
Trial outcomes
Primary outcomes
1
Pain with visual analog scale
Pain intensity measured with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain.
Time frame
Within 5 minutes after intramuscular injectionSecondary outcomes
1
Drug leakage
millimeter ruler to assess medication leakage
Time frame
Time Frame: Immediately after injection (within 1 minute)Description: Drug leakage will be observed immediately after intramuscular injection by checking the injection site for any visible medication leakage.Sponsors and contacts
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Source ClinicalTrials.gov