Investigating Cognitive Flexibility Training

Structure Learning Outcome 1 - Performance Index (PI) Relative

Performance index (PI) is the minimum overlap between the distribution of participant responses and the distribution of presented targets per context. The overall PI is then the average of the performance indices across contexts. The PI relative is a normalised PI measure that quantifies participant's performance relative to random guessing.

Structure Learning Outcome 2 - Strategy choice

Strategy choice is the difference between the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence from model matching to the response-based model and the KL divergence from model maximization to the response-based model. Positive strategy choice values indicate a strategy closer to matching, whereas negative values indicate a strategy closer to maximization.

Structure Learning Outcome 3 - Strategy ICD index (measured by the integral curve difference)

Derived by calculating the integral of each participant's strategy curve and subtracting it from the integral of the exact matching curve, as defined by model matching across training.

Structure Learning Outcome 4 - Learning rate

Rate of learning across the training sessions or days.

Stress Outcome 1 - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): Perceived Stress Scale Score

The PSS measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. It contains 10 items, which ask about respondents' feelings and thoughts during the last month. Possible scores for each item range from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Individual scores on the PSS can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress.

Sleep Quality Outcome 1 - Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): Global PSQI Score

The PSQI measures several different aspects of sleep. The component scores comprise subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each item is weighted on a 0-3 interval scale. The global PSQI score is then calculated by totalling the seven component scores and can range from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality.

Literacy and Numeracy Outcome 1 - Wide Range Achievement Test-5

The Wide Range Achievement Test-5 (WRAT-5) is a standardized assessment of core academic skills. Scores will be obtained from the Word Reading, Spelling, Sentence Comprehension, and Math Computation subtests to index literacy and numeracy performance. Performance will be quantified using age-normed standard scores from each subtest. Pre- to post-intervention improvement will be calculated as the change in standard scores between baseline and post-test assessment, with higher scores indicating stronger literacy and numeracy skill proficiency.

Decision Making Outcome 1 - Social Value Orientation: Social Preference Score

The social value orientation task is intended to measure an individual's preferred allocation of resources between themselves and an anonymous partner (Player B). There are six rounds, each consisting of nine options. Each option is presented in the form of points allocated to the participant and Player B. Participants are instructed to choose the option they prefer the most. A participant's social preference score can be derived by calculating the inverse tangent of the ratio between the mean allocation for Player B minus 50 and the mean allocation for themselves minus 50. A higher score indicates greater baseline nonstrategic cooperativeness.

Mood and State Outcome 1 - Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)

Used as a control variable. This is a non-verbal pictorial assessment that measures an individual's emotional response. The original scale consists of three items rated on a nine-point scale.

Mood and State Outcome 2 - Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)

Used as a control variable. This is a non-verbal pictorial assessment that measures an individual's emotional response. The original scale consists of three items rated on a nine-point scale.

Mood and State Outcome 3 - Training Feedback: Task enjoyment level

Used as a control variable. Participants are asked to report how enjoyable they find the training task at the end of each training session. Possible scores range from 0 (Not at all enjoyable) to 10 (Very much enjoyable). Higher scores indicate higher enjoyment level in intervention training.

Mood and State Outcome 4 - Training Feedback: Task difficulty level

Used as a control variable. Participants are asked to report how difficult they find the training task at the end of each training session. Possible scores range from 0 (Not at all difficult) to 10 (Extremely difficult). Higher scores indicate higher difficulty level of intervention training.