To compare the effects of pelvic control training using pressure biofeedback with core stability training on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and functional disability in patients with non specific low back pain
Children aged 18-30 years.
The body mass index within the typical range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m².
No history of musculoskeletal, neurological, or vestibular disorders.
Physically active individuals not engaged in regular core or balance training programs in the last 3 months.
History of lower extremity, spinal, or pelvic injuries in the past 6 months.
Current pain, dizziness, or balance impairments.
Known postural deformities (e.g., scoliosis, hyper lordosis).
Neurological, cardiovascular, or systemic conditions affecting balance or motor performance.
Parallel
Pelvic Control Training intervention with a Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)
Other interventionParticipants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program performed 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. The program progressed from core activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the intervention, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, controlled breathing, postural stability, and proper neuromuscular control while avoiding compensatory movements.
Core stability training
Other interventionParticipants in the core stability exercise group completed a 6-week program consisting of 3-5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes. Training progressed from core muscle activation exercises (abdominal drawing-in, pelvic tilts, heel slides, and supine marching) to low- and moderate-load stabilization exercises, including dead bugs, glute bridges, bird-dogs, and modified side planks. Exercise intensity and complexity were gradually increased by adding full planks, unstable limb movements, and functional reaching tasks. Throughout the program, emphasis was placed on maintaining a neutral spine, proper breathing, neuromuscular control, postural stability, and avoiding compensatory movements.
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
The ODI is comprised of ten categories, each of which evaluates a distinct element of daily functioning. These sections include the following: the level of pain, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, sexual function, and traveling. Every sentence has a score between 0 and 5, where 0 denotes the least amount of handicap and 5 the greatest score. The index, which varies from 0 to 100, is calculated by adding the scores for each question that has been answered, then multiplying the amount by two. A higher score denotes a higher degree of low back pain-related disability
Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)
The 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) goes from 0 to 10, with 10 denoting "the highest level of pain imaginable" and 0 denoting "no pain". It is a simple indicator of pain intensity since patients choose the number that most accurately represents their level of pain. Both the NRS and other well-validated pain measuring scales have shown strong correlation, validity, and sensitivity to treatments that are known to improve pain. The test-retest reliability for patients has been fairly high, with values of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. The NRS and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) demonstrated a high construct validity relationship in individuals with chronic pain syndromes (correlations varied from 0.86 to 0.95)
Bubble Inclinometer
The bubble inclinometer has high reliability for measuring lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients with LBP. They can be used for evaluating lumbar range of motion in healthy individuals and patients suffering from lumbar back pain, as well as for monitoring therapeutic interventions. For healthy persons, the bubble inclinometer reliably measures the range of motion both within and between days (ICC˃0.75). Regarding the ICC measure, they deemed it high if it was between 0.80 and 1.00, average if it was between 0.60-0.79, and low if it was ≥0.59. Bubble inclinometer has a high degree of reliability when it comes to monitoring all of the aforementioned ranges of motion in the within-day test on patients. Regarding the Between Days Test, while the measurement reliability for side flexions, back extensions, and forward bends was excellent when standing, cut off value for lumbar flexion is less than 40 degrees, while for lumbar extension, it is less than 20 degrees. T
Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU)
The Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) is a clinical instrument that assesses and trains the lumbopelvic stability through the changes in the pressure of an inflated cushion that is placed beneath the lumbar spine or Abdomen. It entails the employment of a pressure gauge that gets attached to a pressure cell so that the slightest movement in the pelvic or spinal region can be sensed during the period that particular muscles are being used in a synergistic exercise. One of the numerous functions of the PBU in the field of physical therapy and rehabilitation is the assessment of the capacity of the patient to maintain his spine in a neutral position when his deep abdominal muscles, i.e., multifidus and transversus abdominis, are contracted. When training, the unit is inflated to a basal pressure, which is usually 40 mmHg when the unit is below the lumbar spine. Subsequently, the patient performs the exercises (leg sliding, bridging and belly hollowing) against the desired range of pressure
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